endocrine Flashcards
1
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GLAND
A
Group of specialized epithelial cells producing secretions
2
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EXOCRINE GLANDS & GIVE EXAMPLES
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Secrete hormones into ducts (ex: salivary, mammary, sweat)
3
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HORMONES
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Chemical messengers from endocrine glands that affect almost every organ & cell
4
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ENDOCRINE GLANDS
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Don’t have ducts so release hormones into blood streams; 13 glands of this type
5
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PITUITARY GLANDS
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Pea-sized gland that hangs below hypothalamus; controls activity of other endocrine glands & responds to stimuli from neurohormones secreted by hypothalamus; 2 parts (posterior & anterior)
6
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ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH)
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Hormone of anterior pituitary that controls cortisol production
7
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FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH)
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Hormone of anterior pituitary controlling estrogen secretion, ova growth, & sperm production
8
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GROWTH HORMONE (GH)
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Hormone of anterior pituitary that stimulates growth of bone, muscle, body & development
9
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LACTOGENIC HORMONE (LTH)
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Hormone of anterior pituitary that stimulates & maintains breast milk & breast development
10
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AKA: LACTOGENIC HORMONE
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Prolactin
11
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LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH)
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Hormone of anterior pituitary controlling ovulation & testosterone
12
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MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONE (MSH)
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Hormone of anterior pituitary that increases production of melanin & is generally high in pregnancy
13
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THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH)
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Hormone of anterior pituitary that stimulates & regulates thyroid function
14
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ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)
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Hormone of posterior pituitary secreted by hypothalamus & stored in pituitary; lowers water excretion thru kidneys leading to blood pressure increase & constricts blood vessels
15
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OXYTOCIN (OXT)
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Hormone of posterior pituitary that controls birth contractions, postnatal hemorrhage, & stimulates milk release
16
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PITOCIN
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Synthetic oxytocin
17
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AKA: PINEAL GLAND
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Pineal body
18
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MELATONIN
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Regulates circadian rhythm
19
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THYROID GLAND
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Located on either side of larynx below thyroid cartilage to regulate metabolism, growth, & function of nervous system
20
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LIST HORMONES OF PITUITARY
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, growth hormone, lactogenic hormone, luteinizing hormone, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, antidiuretic hormone, oxytocin
21
Q
THYROXINE (T4)
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Hormone of thyroid; controls metabolism & temperature
22
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TRIIODOTHYRONINE (T3)
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Hormone of thyroid; controls metabolism & temperature & is more powerful than T4; secretion rate controlled by TSH
23
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CALCITONIN
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Hormone of thyroid; works w/parathyroid hormone to lower calcium in blood/tissue by moving it into bone
24
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LIST HORMONES OF THYROID
A
Thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin
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PARATHYROID GLANDS
Size of a grain of rice; located on posterior surface of thyroid gland
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PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH)
Increases blood calcium levels via breakdown of bone
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THYMUS
Near midline in anterior thoracic region; develops immune system before birth & during childhood; gradually turns into fat
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THYMOSIN
Turns mature lymphocytes into T cells
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PANCREAS
Feather-shaped organ posterior to stomach
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PANCREATIC ISLETS
Endocrine part of pancreas that controls blood glucose & glucose metabolism
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GLUCOSE
Basic form of energy
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GLUCAGON
Secreted by alpha cells in pancreas to respond to low levels of glucose by telling liver to convert glycogen into glucose to increase blood glucose levels
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INSULIN
Secreted by beta cells in pancreas to respond to high blood sugar levels
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LIST HORMONES OF PANCREAS
Pancreatic islets, glucose, glucagon, insulin
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AKA: ADRENAL GLANDS
Suprarenals
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ADRENAL CORTEX
Outer portion of adrenal gland
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LIST HORMONES OF ADRENAL CORTEX
Androgens, estrogen, progestin, corticosteroids, mineralocorticoids (aldosterone & deoxycorticosterone), glucocorticoids (cortisol & cortisone)
38
CORTICOSTEROIDS
Steroid hormone from adrenal cortex
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MINERALOCORTICOIDS
Group of hormones balancing fluid & electrolyte levels
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ALDOSTERONE
Corticosteroid (of mineralocorticoids) of the adrenal cortex regulating fluid balance, blood pressure, & electrolyte concentrations (increases sodium reabsorption & potassium excretion)
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DEOXYCORTICOSTERONE
Building block for aldosterone secreted by adrenal cortex
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GLUCOCORTICOIDS
Group of hormones secreted by adrenal cortex metabolizing carbs, proteins, & fats
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CORTISOL
Glucocorticoid that is an anti-inflammatory corticosteroid regulating blood glucose levels & metabolism
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AKA: CORTISOL
Hydrocortisone
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CORTISONE
Glucocorticoid that regulates blood glucose levels
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ADRENAL MEDULLA
Middle portion of adrenal gland secreting epinephrine & norepinephrine
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EPINEPHRINE
Hormone of adrenal medulla stimulating sympathetic nervous system; intensifies stress & triggers 4Fs; increases BPM, BP, & respiration; liver releases glucose & limits insulin
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NOREPINEPHRINE
Adrenal hormone & sympathetic neurohormone prepping body for stress response by acting as vasoconstrictor; increases BP, strengthens heartbeat, & stimulates muscle contractions
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ELECTROLYTES
Mineral substances in bodily fluids (calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorous, sodium, & potassium)
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GONADS
Glands producing gametes & developing/maintaining secondary sex characteristics
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PUBERTY
Maturing of genital organs & development of secondary sex traits; typically at 12 yrs for girls & 11 yrs for boys
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PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY
Early onset puberty before 8 in girls & 9 in boys
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ESTROGEN
Secreted by ovaries to develop secondary sex characteristics & regulate menstrual cycle
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PROGESTERONE
Released during 2nd half of cycle from corpus luteum in ovary to complete prep of uterus & maintain pregnancy
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GONADOTROPIN
Any hormone that stimulates gonads; produced by gonads
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ANDROGENS
Sex hormones secreted by gonads, adrenal cortex, & fat cells; primarily testosterone to develop & maintain male characteristics
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TESTOSTERONE
Steroid hormone from testicles & adrenal cortex to develop male secondary sex characteristics & sperm production
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STEROIDS
Large family of hormones derived from cholesterol that relieve swelling & inflammation (estrogen, testosterone, cortisol, etc.)
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ANABOLIC STEROID
Man-made chemically related male sex hormone to treat hormone issues in men & replace muscle mass lost from disease
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NAME SOME HORMONES FAT CELLS SECRETE
Leptin & ghrelin
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LEPTIN
Hormone secreted by fat cells regulating appetite by acting on hypothalamus to suppress appetite & burn fat
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GHRELIN
Hormone secreted by fat cells & made in GI tract responsible for hunger
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NEUROHORMONES
Produced & released by neurons in brain rather than endocrine glands via bloodstream
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ADENITIS
Inflammation of gland
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ADENOCARCINOMA
Malignant tumor originating in glands & can spread
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MESENTERIC ADENITIS
Inflammation of lymph nodes in abdomen; s/s: similar to appendicitis
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APPENDICITIS
Inflammation of appendix bc of blockage leading to infection
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ADENOMA
Benign tumor starting in epithelial tissue
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ADENOSIS
Any disease/condition of gland
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ACROMEGALY
Rare abnormal enlargement of hands, feet, & face from malfunction of hypothalamus/anterior pituitary leading to excess GH after puberty
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GIGANTISM
Abnormal growth of entire body from excessive growth hormone before puberty
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HYPERPITUITARISM
Excess secretion of growth hormone causing acromegaly & gigantism
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HYPOPITUITARISM
Pituitary gland doesn’t make enough GH
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PITUITARY ADENOMA
Slow growing & benign tumor
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AKA: PITUITARY ADENOMA
Pituitary tumor
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FUNCTIONAL PITUITARY TUMORS
Make lots of hormones unregulated (ACTH, growth, prolactin, TSH)
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GALACTORRHEA
Excess prolactin causes milk to be produced spontaneously
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PROLACTINOMA
Benign functional pituitary tumor where the pituitary makes too much prolactin causing infertility in women, erectile dysfunction, & vision impairment
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DIABETES INSIPIDUS
Not related to diabetes mellitus & uncommon; not enough ADH or kidneys can’t respond to ADH resulting in fluid imbalance, extreme thirst & frequent urination
80
SYNDROME OF INAPPROPRIATE ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE SECRETION (SIADH)
Overproduction of ADH leads to hypervolemia & hyponatremia; kidneys don’t excrete H2O causing bloating & water retention; cause: cancer/cancer treatment
81
PINEALOMA
Pineal tumor that disrupts melatonin production
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THYROID CARCINOMA
Most common cancer of endocrine system
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HYPOTHYROIDISM
Deficiency of thyroid secretion w/fatigue, depression, sensitivity to cold, & decreased metabolism
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AKA: HYPOTHYROIDISM
Underactive thyroid
85
HASHIMOTO’S DISEASE
Autoimmune where thyroid glands destroyed & inflammation contributes to hypothyroidism
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AKA: HASHIMOTO’S DISEASE
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
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CRETINISM
Congenital form of hypothyroidism from lack of thyroid hormone secretion; leads to delayed growth and/or abnormal physical & mental development
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MYXEDEMA
Extreme deficiency of thyroid secretion in older kids & adults w/puffy skin, swelling (gen eye & cheek), fatigue, subnormal temp, & swelling of laryngeal & pharyngeal mucous membranes
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AKA: MYXEDEMA
Adult hypothyroidism
90
HYPERTHYROIDISM
Overproduction of thyroid hormones most commonly caused by Graves’ disease leading to an increase in metabolism, sweating, nervousness, & weight loss
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AKA: HYPERTHYROIDISM
Thyrotoxicosis
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GRAVES’ DISEASE
Autoimmune that attacks thyroid leading to hyperthyroidism, goiter, exophthalmos, & enlarged thyroid
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GOITER
Abnormal, benign enlargement of thyroid leading to swelling of anterior neck from thyroid hormone deficiency (Graves’, iodine deficiency, thyroid nodules, etc)
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AKA: GOITER
Thyromegaly
95
THYROID NODULES
Lumps that can grow to cause goiter & can be benign, malignant, or make too much thyroxine
96
EXOPHTHALMOS
Abnormal protrusion of eye out of orbit from hyperthyroidism causing an increase in tissue volume behind the eye for it to bulge
97
CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED W/HIGH THYROID SECRETIONS
Hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease, Goiter, exophthalmos, & thyroid storm
98
THYROID STORM
Rare & life-threatening condition caused by exaggerated hyperthyroidism; s/s: fever, chest pain, palpitations, SOB, tremors, increased sweating, disorientation, & fatigue
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AKA: THYROID STORM
Thyrotoxic crisis
100
HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
Overproduction of parathyroid hormone leading to hypercalcemia from bone degeneration; caused by a disorder of parathyroid/other body part
101
AKA: HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
Von Recklinghausen’s disease of bone
102
HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
Insufficient/absent parathyroid hormone leading to hypocalcemia & tetany
103
TETANY
Periodic, painful muscle spasms/tremors; sustained contractions; or nervous excitability caused by PTH deficiency & inadequate calcium
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HYPERCALCEMIA
Abnormally high level of calcium in blood leading to weakened bones & kidney stones
105
HYPOCALCEMIA
Abnormally low level of calcium in blood
106
MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
Autoimmune where antibodies block muscle receptors so muscles weaken, fatigue, & nerve signals lost; generally associated w/abnormally large thymus or thymoma
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INSULINOMA
Benign pancreatic tumor of beta cells in islets of Langerhans that make additional insulin leading to hypoglycemia
108
PANCREATITIS
Inflammation of pancreas from alcohol abuse
109
HYPERGLYCEMIA
Abnormally high glucose in blood generally associated w/diabetes mellitus; s/s: polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria
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POLYDIPSIA
Excessive thirst
111
POLYPHAGIA
Excessive hunger
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POLYURIA
Excessive urination
113
HYPOGLYCEMIA
Abnormally low glucose in blood; s/s: nervousness, shakiness, confusion, perspiration, anxiety/weakness
114
HYPERINSULINISM
Too much insulin in bloodstream & can lead to hypoglycemia
115
DIABETES MELLITUS
Most common; group of metabolic disorders w/hyperglycemia w/increase in glucose in blood/urine & vessel damage
116
S/S: DIABETES MELLITUS
Acetone (fruity breath), abdominal pain, glycosuria, hyperventilation, polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, slow healing, etc.
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TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS
Autoimmune defect in insulin production bc pancreatic islet beta cells/abnormalities in islets of Langerhans; onset triggered by viral infection
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S/S: TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS
Polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria, weight loss, blurred vision, extreme fatigue, slow healing, stupor, nausea, vomiting
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AKA: TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
120
TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
Unable to use insulin properly/insulin resistance w/normal insulin production; the lack of response causes an increase in insulin secretion
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AKA: TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)
122
PREDIABETES
Glucose higher than normal but not high enough for type 2
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S/S: TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
Asymptomatic otherwise same s/s as type 1 diabetes mellitus + irritability, recurring infections, tingling in hands/feet, acetone, abdominal pain, glycosuria, hyperventilation
124
LATENT AUTOIMMUNE DIABETES IN ADULTS (LADA)
Type 1 autoimmune diabetes develops in adults w/same characteristics as type 2; generally in adults w/normal to low body weight & history of type 1
125
GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS (GDM)
Begins ~ 24th week affecting 2-10% US pregnancies & resolves after birth but increases risk of developing type 2 diabetes
126
DIABETIC COMA
Stupor/coma caused by hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia; can be fatal if untreated
127
S/S: DIABETIC COMA
Flushed face, fruity breath, low BP, weak & rapid pulse, dry skin & tongue, urine has sugar & acetone, labored & prolonged breaths
128
DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS (DKA)
Life-threatening complication of buildup of acid waste product (ketone bodies) in blood from high blood glucose levels; treated w/insulin, replacement fluids, & electrolytes
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S/S: SEVERE HYPOGLYCEMIA
Headache, pale face, shallow/rapid breaths, normal BP, full & pounding pulse, sweating, trembling, urine negative for sugar & acetone
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AKA: SEVERE HYPOGLYCEMIA
Insulin shock, diabetic shock, & insulin reaction
131
DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
Diabetes damages vessels of retina & can lead to blood collecting into posterior segment of eye causing vision loss
132
KETOSIS
Process helping utilize fat when energy is lacking; high ketosis level causes insufficient insulin to turn glucose into energy
133
KETOGENIC DIET
High fat & low carb diet; can help manage epileptic seizures
134
ADDISON’S DISEASE
Adrenal glands don’t make enough cortisol & sometimes aldosterone; life-threatening
135
S/S: ADDISON’S DISEASE
Chronic & worsening fatigue, muscle weakness, loss of appetite, low BP, weight loss, patches of dark skin, progressive anemia, hypotension, hypoglycemia, joint pain
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ADRENALITIS
Inflammation of 1/both adrenal glands
137
ALDOSTERONISM
Abnormality of electrolyte balance from excessive secretion of aldosterone; s/s: high BP
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AKA: CUSHING’S SYNDROME
Hypercortisolism
139
CUSHING’S SYNDROME
Condition caused by prolonged exposure to high cortisol either from overproduction/prolonged use of corticosteroids/tumor
140
S/S: CUSHING’S SYNDROME
Rounded red 'moon' face, weakness, thin, easily bruised skin, hypertension, weight gain
141
HYPERGONADISM
Excessive secretion from sex glands leading to early onset of puberty & increased libido
142
GYNECOMASTIA
Excessive mammary development in men from hormonal imbalance/hormone therapy (high in estrogen or low in testosterone)
143
HYPOGONADISM
Deficiency of sex hormones leading to erectile dysfunction, low sperm count, decreased libido, infertility, & increased risk for cardiovascular/diabetes/other; more common than hypergonadism
144
ADRENAL FEMINIZATION
Pathological development of female secondary sex traits in person w/male anatomy
145
ACIDOSIS
Increase in acidity of blood, body fluids, & tissues from excess hydrogen ions
146
ADRENAL VIRILISM
Presence/development of male secondary sex traits in person w/female anatomy
147
OBESITY
Abnormal amount of fat on body being > 20% over average weight for age, sex, build, & height
148
PANHYPOPITUITARISM
Inadequate secretion/total lack of anterior pituitary hormones
149
PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA
Tumor of adrenal glands that secrete excess epinephrine & norepinephrine
150
S/S: PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA
Pounding headaches, hypertension, palpitations, paleness, shortness of breath
151
RADIOACTIVE IODINE UPTAKE TEST (RAIU)
Radioactive iodine ingested orally & radioactivity measured 6-24 hrs later w/gamma probe; measures thyroid function
152
THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE ASSAY
Measures circulating blood level of TSH to detect abnormal thyroid activity from excessive pituitary stimulation
153
THYROID SCAN
Measures thyroid function
154
FASTING BLOOD SUGAR TEST (FBS)
Measures glucose after not eating for 8-12 hrs to screen for diabetes/other diseases & monitor treatment
155
AKA: FASTING BLOOD SUGAR TEST
Fasting plasma glucose test or fasting glucose
156
ORAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST (OGTT)
Fast for at least 8 hrs for baseline blood draw, then drink liquid w/high glucose & test glucose 1 & 2 hrs later; diagnose type 2/gestational diabetes
157
HOME BLOOD GLUCOSE MONITORING
Measures current blood sugar level w/blood drop
158
CONTINUOUS GLUCOSE MONITORING (CGM)
Sensor under skin tests cellular fluid & transmit findings to device to track glucose over 24 hrs
159
HEMOGLOBIN A1c TESTING
Blood test to measure average blood sugar over past 3-4 months
160
AKA: HEMOGLOBIN A1c TESTING
HbA1c or A1c
161
FRUCTOSAMINE TEST
Measures avg blood sugar over past 3 weeks to detect changes faster than HbA1c
162
BLOOD SERUM TEST
Group of tests to measure blood for specific levels of hormones/other substances to determine how well glands & organs function; substances = LH, FSH, ACTH, ADH, GH, cortisol, progesterone, insulin, testosterone, Ca, Na, K, glucose
163
CATECHOLAMINES TESTS
Patient collects urine over 24 hrs to measure catecholamines to detect/monitor pheochromocytoma or neuroblastoma
164
CATECHOLAMINES
Hormones secreted by adrenal medulla measured thru urine or blood
165
GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST (GTT)
Glucose given & blood drawn @ different times to determine response to insulin & diagnose diabetes
166
HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN TEST (QUALITATIVE)
Determine if HCG is in blood/urine to determine pregnancy
167
HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN TEST (QUANTITATIVE)
Measures amnt of HCG in blood to diagnose abnormal conditions (ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage, testicular/ovarian cancer) & fetal age
168
AKA: HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN TESTS
HCG tests
169
PROTEIN-BOUND IODINE TEST (PBI)
Blood test indirectly measures thyroid activity by finding amnt of protein-bound iodine in blood to estimate amnt of thyroid hormone
170
RADIOIMMUNOASSAY (RIA)
Radioactive chemical injected in blood to measure very small amnt of substances in plasma, specifically protein-bound hormones
171
THYROID &/OR PARATHYROID ULTRASOUND (US)
Ultrasound checks for size of glands & determines if lump is cyst or tumor
172
THYROID FUNCTION TEST (TFT)
Panel of tests determining thyroid function; high levels can aggravate male reproductive disorders; parts = LATS test, TSH test, TBG test, T4 test, T3RU test, T3 test
173
LONG ACTING THYROID STIMULATOR TEST (LATS) TEST
Detects LATS in blood; LATS can lead to hyperthyroidism
174
THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH) TEST
Measures amnt of TSH in blood & most accurate for thyroid activity
175
THYROXINE-BINDING GLOBULIN (TBG) TEST
Measures amnt of thyroxine-binding globulin in blood & reliable indicator of T3 & T4 levels (bc it binds to it)
176
THYROXINE (T4) TEST
Measures amnt of T4
177
TRIIODOTHYRONINE RESIN UPTAKE (T3RU) TEST
Measures amnt of T4 in blood by testing for T3RU levels
178
TRIIODOTHYRONINE (T3) TEST
Measures amnt of T3
179
THYROID SCAN (IODINE/TECHNETIUM)
Patient swallows/injected radioactive & camera records accumulation of chemical moving into thyroid to show thyroid activity & diagnose thyroiditis, hyperthyroidism, & thyroid tumors
180
HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE (HGH)
Synthetic version of growth hormone sometimes abused by athletes & can be used to stimulate skeletal growth in kids
181
HYPOPHYSECTOMY
Surgical removal of pituitary gland to treat tumors; done thru nose/skull opening
182
ANTITHYROID DRUG
Slows/blocks thyroid hormone production to treat hyperthyroidism from Graves’ disease
183
AKA: ANTITHYROID DRUG
Antithyroid agents
184
RADIOACTIVE IODINE TREATMENT (RAI)
Oral radioactive iodine to destroy thyroid cells to disable at least part of thyroid to treat cancer & chronic hyperthyroid disorders
185
LOBECTOMY
Surgical removal of 1 lobe of thyroid/liver/brain/lung
186
THYROID REPLACEMENT THERAPY
Uses synthetic thyroid hormones to replace lost thyroid function
187
PARATHYROIDECTOMY
Surgical removal of 1/more parathyroid glands to treat hyperparathyroidism or remove tumors
188
THYMECTOMY
Surgical removal of thymus
189
PACREATECTOMY
Surgical removal of all/part of pancreas
190
TOTAL PANCREATECTOMY
Removes spleen, gallbladder, common bile duct, & parts of small intestine & stomach to treat cancer
191
LAPAROSCOPIC ADRENALECTOMY
Minimally invasive procedure removing 1/both adrenal glands
192
CORTISOL
Synthetic equivalent of corticosteroids to suppress inflammation & immune response
193
THYROIDECTOMY
Surgical removal of all/part of thyroid
194
HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY
Artificial hormone replacement given orally, intravenously, topically (patches), or pellets (under skin) to correct hypothyroidism & treat symptoms of menopause
195
INSULIN REPLACEMENT THERAPY
Natural/synthetic insulin for type 1 DM or severe type 2 DM; possible side effect being weight gain
196
ORAL HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS
Oral drugs to reduce blood glucose
197
SYNTHETIC ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE
Treat SIADH; vasopressin is a synthetic ADH
198
SYNTHETIC GLUCOCORTICOIDS
Treat Addison’s disease & can cause adverse side effects (like Cushings) if used for long time
