lymphatic/immune Flashcards
1
Q
Purpose of lymphatic system
A
Absorb fat & fat-soluble vitamins thru lacteals, remove waste & destroy pathogens, return filtered lymph to veins
2
Q
Define LEUKOCYTE
A
White blood cell
3
Q
Define MUCOUS
A
Adjective describing specialized membranes that line body cavities
4
Q
Define MUCUS
A
Noun; fluid secreted by mucous membranes
5
Q
Define LACTEALS
A
Specialized structures that absorb fats that can’t go thru blood & transforms them to be put in blood
6
Q
Describe INTERSTITIAL FLUID
A
Plasma from arterial blood from arterioles to capillaries flowing into spaces between cells of tissues that deliver nutrients, O2, & hormones & bring waste & protein when leaving; 90% returning fluid
7
Q
Interstitial fluid is also known as
A
Intercellular or intertissue fluid
8
Q
Describe LYMPH
A
10% return fluid that is not interstitial fluid; clear, faintly yellow & watery w/electrolytes & proteins; remove dead cells, debris, & pathogen
9
Q
Define LYMPHATIC CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
A
Upward movement, fluid filtered by lymph nodes & depend on pumping motion of muscles to move liquid
10
Q
AKA: lymph
A
Lymphatic fluid
11
Q
AKA: lymphatic circulatory system
A
Secondary circulatory system
12
Q
Describe LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES
A
Microscopic, sealed on 1 side & tubes near surface; separate to bring lymph & close to push up & forward
13
Q
Define LYMPHATIC VESSELS
A
Vessels deep in tissue w/valves to prevent backflow & form ducts to drain
14
Q
Describe RIGHT LYMPHATIC DUCT
A
Right side of head & neck, upper right body quadrant & right arm; empty into right subclavian vein
15
Q
Thoracic duct
A
Largest lymphatic vessel; left side of head & neck, LUG, left arm, lower trunk, legs; empty into left subclavian vein
16
Q
Describe LYMPH NODES
A
Lymphocytes destroy harmful stuff in lymph & filter to rejoin circulation; 400-700 in body in 3 groups (cervical, axillary, & inguinal)
17
Q
Define LYMPHOCYTES
A
Leukocytes formed in bone marrow as stem cells that defend against antigens
18
Q
AKA: lymphocytes
A
Lymphoid cells
19
Q
Define NATURAL KILLER CELLS
A
Lymphocytes kill cancer/infected cells
20
Q
Define B CELLS
A
Lymphocytes deal w/humoral immunity & immunoglobulins
21
Q
AKA: b cells
A
B lymphocytes
22
Q
Define HUMORAL IMMUNITY
A
Turn plasma cells & secrete immunoglobulins
23
Q
Define IMMUNOGLOBULINS
A
Antibody destroy antigen & then turns into plasma cell to secrete antibodies
24
Q
Define T CELLS
A
Help in cell-mediated immunity
25
AKA: t cells
T lymphocytes
26
Describe CYTOKINES
Group of proteins released by T-cells to act as intracellular signals for immune response; types = cytotoxic, helper, natural killer
27
Define INTERFERONS
Made in response to antigens to activate immune system, slow/stop virus multiplication, & signal cells to increase defense
28
Define INTERLEUKINS
Direct B & T cells to divide & proliferate (+ other stuff)
29
Components of cell-mediated immunity
Interleukins, interferons, cytokines
30
Define CYTOTOXIC CELLS (T8)
Attach to antigens & destroy
31
Define HELPER CELLS (T4)
Aid B cells to recognize antigens & stimulate antibody production
32
Define NATURAL KILLER CELLS (NK cells)
Target pathogenic cells (viruses & cancers) by recognizing sugars
33
Describe TONSILS
3 masses of lymphoid tissue in protective ring to stop pathogens to respiratory from nose & mouth (adenoids, palatine, lingual)
34
Describe THYMUS
Mass of lymphoid above heart that stimulates lymphocytes into T cells; biggest @ puberty & shrinks w/age
35
Define VERMIFORM APPENDIX
Mass of lymphoid tissue that hangs from lower part of cecum
36
Define SPLEEN
Sac-like mass of lymphoid tissue in LUQ inferior diaphragm & posterior stomach
37
Purpose of spleen
Filters microorganisms & foreign from blood; forms lymphocytes & monocytes; destroys RBCs; store extra RBCs & maintain balance between plasma & RBCs
38
Define ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY REACTION
Bind antigen to antibodies so immune can recognize & destroy
39
AKA: antigen-antibody reaction
Immune reaction
40
Define TOLERANCE
Acquired unresponsiveness to specific antigen or decline in responsiveness to drug
41
Describe IMMUNOGLOBULINS
Bind w/specific antigens in antigen-antibody response; types = G, A, M, D, E
42
Describe IgG
Most abundant & main defense; blood & lymph; fight bacteria, fungus, viruses, & foreign particles; 75% all Ig; only one that can cross placenta
43
Describe IgA
Gen against ingested antigens; bodily secretions/fluids; prevent attachment of virus & bacteria to epithelial surface
44
Define IgM
In circulating bodily fluids & 1st to appear in response to exposure
45
Define IgD
Only on surface of B cells & important in B cell activation
46
Define IgE
Made in lungs, skin, mucous membranes & responsible for allergic reactions
47
Describe PHAGOCYTES
Specialized leukocytes part of antigen-antibody that destroys cell debris, dust, pollen, & pathogens; types = monocytes, macrophage, dendritic cells, mast cells
48
Define MONOCYTES
Leukocytes w/immunological defenses & become macrophages & dendritic cells after leaving bloodstream
49
Define MACROPHAGE
Leukocyte surround & kill to remove dead cells & stimulate immune cells
50
Describe DENDRITIC CELLS
Specialized leukocytes patrol body; grabs & swallows & alerts B & T cells
51
Describe COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
Group of proteins circulate blood when inactive; together w/antibodies dissolve & remove pathogenic bacteria & foreign cells
52
Describe IMMUNITY
State of being resistant to disease; natural/passive (since birth/breast milk) & acquired (have had disease/vaccine)
53
Describe MYCOSIS
Any abnormal condition/disease bc of fungus
54
Describe LYMPHADENITIS
Inflammation of lymph nodes gen indicating infection
55
AKA: lymphadenitis
Swollen glands
56
Define LYMPHADENOPATHY
Any disease affecting lymph nodes
57
Describe LYMPANGIOMA
Benign tumor from weird collection of lymphatic vessels bc congenital malformation of lymphatic system
58
Define RUPTURED SPLEEN
Covering of spleen torn
59
Describe LYMPHEDEMA (LE)
Swelling form abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid in tissues bc of damage to system; associated w/infections
60
Define ALLERGIC REACTION
Immune system reacts to harmless allergen
61
AKA: allergy
Hypersensitivity
62
Define ALLERGY
Overreaction to particular allergen
63
Define LOCALIZED ALLERGIC RESPONSE
Redness, itching, & burning after allergen contact
64
AKA: localized allergic response
Cellular response
65
Define SYSTEMIC REACTION
Anaphylaxis/anaphylactic shock
66
Define ANAPHYLAXIS
Severe & potentially fatal allergic reaction w/hives, difficulty breathing, nausea, vomiting, shock
67
Describe AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS
Immune system makes antibodies against own; genetic & predominant in childbearing age women
68
Define IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISORDER
Missing/deficient in +1 part of immune response
69
Describe SEVERE COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCY (SCID)
Rare & inherited; high susceptibility to infection & failure to thrive
70
Describe HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)
Blood-borne infection of virus that damages/kills T cells leading to progressive failure making patient very susceptible for life-threatening infections
71
Define ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS)
Most advanced & fatal stage of HIV
72
Define OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION
Pathogen able to cause infection when host weak but otherwise not able to when patient healthy
73
Describe KAPOSI’S SARCOMA
Opportunistic infection associated w/HIV; cancer causing patches of red/purple abnormal tissue under skin, lining of mouth/nose/throat, in organs
74
Describe ANTHRAX
Contagious disease transmit thru livestock infected w/bacillus anthracis
75
Describe SHIGELLOSIS
Infection caused by shigella leading to diarrhea & fever; prevent w/good hygiene
76
Describe LYME DISEASE
Transmit via tick bite that bit infected deer w/spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi; s/s: fever, headache, fatigue, skin rash
77
Define TINEA PEDIS
Fungal infection between toes
78
AKA: tinea pedis
Athlete’s foot
79
AKA: Candidiasis
Yeast infection
80
Describe GIARDIASIS
Diarrheal disease from Giardia transmitted thru feces contaminated H2O
81
Describe MALARIA
Parasite in mosquitoes to humans; s/s: fever, shaking, chills, headache, muscle aches, & fatigue
82
Describe TOXOPLASMOSIS
Condition from parasites from pets to ppl via contaminated feces; pregnant ppl avoid
83
Describe EBOLA
Rare & generally fatal; transmit w/any bodily fluid w/virus & only when symptoms present; s/s: high fever, vomiting, diarrhea, internal bleeding, & organ failure
84
Describe MEASLES
Acute, highly contagious infection transmitted via respiratory droplets w/rubeola virus; s/s: red, itchy rash over body/high fever/runny nose/coughing/hearing loss/bronchitis
85
Define MUMPS
Acute viral infection w/swelling of parotid glands & gonads
86
Describe RUBELLA
Viral infection gen not severe/long; very serious for women in early pregnancy; s/s: low fever, swollen glands, inflamed eyes, fine pink rash
87
Describe RABIES
Acute viral infection thru bite/saliva of infected
88
Describe WEST NILE VIRUS
Spread via infected mosquito bite; mild (flu-like) or severe (spread to brain & spine)
89
Describe ZIKA VIRUS
Spread via infected mosquito bite, mom to baby, sex; s/s: fever, rash, birth defects
90
Describe CYTOMEGALOVIRUS
Found in most bodily fluids; silent infection until weakened immune system or mom to baby; can cause serious congenital disabilities to baby
91
Define VARICELLA
Fever & rash w/itchy fluid-filled blisters
92
AKA: varicella
Chicken pox
93
Describe HERPES ZOSTER
Acute viral infection w/painful rash along torso along inflamed peripheral nerve bc of reactivated varicella virus
94
AKA: herpes zoster
Shingles
95
Describe INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS
Caused by Epstein-Barr virus in teens & YA; s/s: fever, sore throat, enlarged lymph nodes, spleen swelling, liver involvement; spread via saliva
96
AKA: infectious mononucleosis
Monon
97
Describe ROSEOLA
Common in infants 6 months-2yrs; s/s: high fever & rash
98
AKA: roseola
Sixth disease
99
Define NEOPLASM
Tumor
100
Define LEIOMYOMA
Benign tumor of smooth muscle
101
Define LEIOMYOSARCOMA
Malignant tumor of smooth muscle
102
Define RHABDOMYOMA
Benign tumor of striated muscle on/in smooth muscle of heart
103
Define RHABDOMYOSARCOMA (RMS)
Malignant tumor of skeletal muscle
104
Define MYOSARCOMA
Malignant tumor from muscle
105
Define CARCINOMA
Malignant tumor occurring in epithelial
106
Define CARCINOMA IN SITU
In original position & not disturbing/invading
107
Define ADENOCARCINOMA
Any 1 of large group of carcinomas from glandular/mucus secreting tissue (pancreas, lung, prostate, colon, esophagus)
108
Define SARCOMAS
Malignant tumor from connective (hard & soft)
109
Define OSTEOSARCOMA
Hard-tissue sarcoma gen w/upper shaft of long bones/pelvis/knee
110
Define LYMPHOMA
General term for malignancies affecting lymphoid tissues
111
Describe HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA (HL)
Large, cancerous lymphocytes that compromise immune; spleen, liver, bone marrow, lymph nodes
112
Describe NON-HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA (NHL)
More common than HL; any lymphoma except Hodgkin’s, origin @ lymphocytes
113
Describe DUCTAL CARCINOMA IN SITU (DCIS)
Earliest stage of breast cancer before abnormal cells break thru milk duct walls; cancerous or benign
114
Describe INFILTRATING DUCTAL CARCINOMA (IDC)
Breast cancer starts in milk duct & invades fatty breast outside duct; most common
115
Describe INFLAMMATORY BREAST CANCER (IBC)
Rare & aggressive; cancer blocks lymphatic vessels in skin of breast; s/s: pain, rapid increase in breast size, redness, rash, swelling of nearby lymph nodes
116
Define LYMPHOSCINTIGRAPHY
Detect damage or malformations of lymphatic vessels w/radioactive substance into ducts & follow w/scanner or probe
117
Define BIOIMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY
Noninvasive way to diagnose lymphedema by measuring resistance to electrical current thru affected limb
118
Define ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA)
Blood test to screen for HIV antibodies, Lyme disease, & other conditions
119
Define MOLECULAR BREAST IMAGING (MBI)
Nuclear medicine w/gamma radiation to detect potential breast cancer
120
Define BREAST MRI
W/magnets, radio waves, & contrast
121
Define CORE NEEDLE BIOPSY
Hollow needle to collect samples
122
Define SURGICAL BIOPSY
Tissue collected bigger than tissue
123
Define LYMPH NODE DISSECTION
All lymph nodes in major area removed to determine or slow cancer
124
Define CULTURE & SENSITIVITY (C&S)
Specimens put in growth medium & observed for bacterial reproduction
125
Define IMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS
Measures immunoglobulins based on differences in electrical charge & reactivity
126
Define SEROLOGY
Any variety of tests that screen blood for antigen-antibody reactions to show presence of infection/disease
127
Define ANTIANGIOGENESIS
Treatment disrupts blood supply to tumor
128
Define ANTIHISTAMINES
Relieve/prevent symptoms of allergy & prevent effects of histamine
129
Define IMMUNOTHERAPY
Stimulate/repress immune response
130
AKA: immunotherapy
Biological therapy
131
Define SYNTHETIC IMMUNOGLOBULINS
Post-exposure preventive against certain viruses (rabies & hepatitis)
132
AKA: synthetic immunoglobulins
Immune serum
133
Define SYNTHETIC INTERFERON
Use in treatment of MS, hepatitis C, & cancers
134
Describe MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES
Any antibodies made in lab by identical offspring of clone of cells to artificially produce antibodies to enhance immune; treat non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, melanoma, breast cancer, colon cancer
135
Describe HIV TREATMENT
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) treatment regimen; cocktail of drugs
136
Define IMMUNOSUPPRESSANT
Prevent/reduce normal immune response to prevent rejection of transplants & depress autoimmune disorders
137
Define CORTICOSTEROID DRUG
Synthetic hormone closely resembling cortisol
138
Describe CYTOTOXIC DRUG
Medication kill/damage cells; used as immunosuppressant/antineoplastic
139
Define BACTERICIDE
Substance that kills bacteria
140
Define HORMONE THERAPY
Can treat ER & PR positive breast cancers
141
Define LUMPECTOMY
Remove tumor & other abnormal tissue of breast & good margins
142
AKA: lumpectomy
Partial mastectomy or breast-conserving surgery
143
Describe MASTECTOMY
Surgical removal of part/all breast & nipple & sometimes axillary lymph nodes; can spare skin & nipple; done if tissue diseased
144
AKA: mastectomy
Total or simple mastectomy
145
Define MODIFIED RADICAL MASTECTOMY
Surgical removal of entire breast & all/some axillary lymph nodes of adjacent arm
146
Describe RADICAL MASTECTOMY
Surgical removal of entire breast tissue, chest muscles, & lymph nodes; rare cases for breast cancer
147
Define SIMPLE MASTECTOMY
Surgical removal of entire breast tissue w/o touching lymph nodes
148
Define CHEMOTHERAPY
Use chemical agents & drug cocktails
149
Define CHEMOPREVENTION
Use natural/synthetic substances to reduce risk of developing/redeveloping cancer & reduce size/slow tumor development
150
Describe ANTINEOPLASTIC
Meds block development/growth/proliferation of malignant cells; common cancer treatment
151
Define BRACHYTHERAPY
Use radioactive materials in contact w/or implanted target tissues
152
Define TELETHERAPY
Radiation therapy from distance
153
Describe TOMOTHERAPY
Combo of tomography w/radiation therapy leading to precise target; radiation delivered slice by slice
154
Define TARGETED THERAPY
Develop form of anticancer to identify & attack specific cancer w/o harming other cells
155
Describe ADJUVANT THERAPY
Sometimes done after primary treatment; include chemotherapy, hormone therapy, radiation, immunotherapy, & targeted therapy
156
Define CLINICAL TRIALS
Involve testing new & promising cancer treatments w/o FDA approval for research
157
Define ANTIBODY THERAPY
Synthetic immunoglobulins, interferons, or immunodeficiency disease
158
Define BACILLI
Rod shaped spore forming bacteria
159
Define RICKETTSIA
Small bacterium living in lice, fleas, ticks, & mites
160
Define SPIROCHETES
Long, slender, spiral shaped bacteria w/flexible walls & can move
161
Describe STAPHYLOCOCCI
Group of 30 species of bacteria forming irregular clusters like grapes; most harmless & in skin & mucous membranes but some can lead to infection
162
Define STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Infects wounds, toxic shock, food poisoning
163
AKA: staphylococcus aureus
Staph aureus
164
Describe STREPTOCOCCI
Bacteria forming chain; many harmless but some cause disease
165
Describe METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS (MRSA)
Bacteria resistant to most antibiotics so infection becomes more serious, difficult to treat, & fatal; s/s: small, red bumps w/black tops become abscesses
166
Define FUNGUS
Simple parasitic organism that is harmless or pathogenic
167
Define YEAST
Type of fungus
168
Define PARASITE
Plant or animal living on or within another @ expense of host
169
Define VIRUSES
Very small infectious agents that invade cells & reproduce in cells
170
Define MMR VACCINE
Measles, mumps, & rubella vaccine given in early childhood
171
Define ANGIOGENESIS
Process tumor supports growth by making own supply
172
Define STAGING
Classifying tumors by progression, response to therapy & prognosis
