cardiovascular Flashcards
1
Q
ENDARTERIAL
A
Pertaining to interior/lining of artery or within artery
2
Q
HEMATOPOIETIC
A
Pertaining to formation of blood cells
3
Q
HEMATOPOIETIC IS ALSO CALLED
A
Hemopoietic
4
Q
PERICARDIUM IS ALSO CALLED
A
Pericardial sac
5
Q
EPICARDIUM IS ALSO CALLED WHAT
A
Visceral pericardium
6
Q
P WAVE
A
Stimulation/contraction of atria
7
Q
QRS COMPLEX
A
Stimulation/contraction of ventricles
8
Q
T WAVE
A
Recovery/relaxation of ventricles
9
Q
SYSTOLIC PRESSURE
A
Max pressure during ventricular systole
10
Q
DIASTOLIC PRESSURE
A
Pressure during ventricular diastole
11
Q
PLASMA
A
Fluid w/nutrients, hormones, waste made 92% H2O & 8% proteins
12
Q
SERUM
A
Plasma fluid after blood cells & clotting proteins removed
13
Q
FIBRINOGEN & PROTHROMBIN
A
Clotting proteins in plasma
14
Q
NEUTROPHILS
A
Most common WBC; phagocyte
15
Q
BASOPHILS
A
Least common WBC; allergens
16
Q
EOSINOPHILS
A
Migrating WBC; parasites & allergens
17
Q
LYMPHOCYTES
A
Made in red bone marrow, spleen, & lymph nodes; identify foreign substances & germs; make antibodies
18
Q
MONOCYTES
A
Made in red bone marrow, spleen, & lymph nodes; phagocytosis (immunity)
19
Q
RH FACTOR
A
Presence/absence of Rh antigen
20
Q
BLOOD GASSES
A
Gasses (O2, CO2, & Nitrogen) dissolved in liquid blood
21
Q
WHAT DOES LDL STAND FOR
A
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol/bad cholesterol
22
Q
WHAT DOES HDL STAND FOR
A
High density lipoprotein cholesterol/good cholesterol
23
Q
HDL
A
Carries unneeded cholesterol to liver for processing
24
Q
TRIGLYCERIDES
A
Combo of fatty acids attached to glycerol & blood
25
ATHEROMA
Fatty deposit within wall of artery
26
PALPITATION
Pounding/racing heart
27
CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS
Structural abnormalities from failed heart develop.; most common birth defect
28
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
Arteriostenosis -> reduced blood flow & O2 -> angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, death
29
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE IS ALSO CALLED
Coronary heart disease or ischemic heart disease
30
ANGINA IS ALSO CALLED WHAT
Angina pectoris
31
ANGINA
Severe episodes of chest pain from poor blood flow to myocardium
32
STABLE ANGINA
During exertion
33
UNSTABLE ANGINA
Happens anytime & precursor to MI
34
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Occlusion of at least 1 coronary artery from plaque
35
HEART FAILURE
Heart weakened/damaged -> unable to pump -> congestion/fluid build up
36
CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
Fluid congestion -> edema & pulmonary edema
37
CAUSE: CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
Decreased blood flow from heart
38
S/S: CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
Weakness, breathlessness, abdominal discomfort, edema in lower extremeties
39
LEFT-SIDED HEART FAILURE IS ALSO CALLED
Systolic/diastolic failure (depends on whether pumping or relaxing is affected)
40
RIGHT-SIDED HEART FAILURE
Generally from left-sided heart failure so unable to pump to body efficiently
41
S/S: RIGHT-SIDED HEART FAILURE
Edema in feet, legs, liver, GI, & arms
42
CARDIOMEGALY
Enlargement of heart associated w/heart failure to compensate for decreased pumping
43
INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS IS ALSO CALLED
Bacterial endocarditis
44
INFECTION ENDOCARDITIS
Inflammation of lining/valves of heart from bacteria in blood
45
MYOCARDITIS
Rare complication of viral infection
46
PERICARDITIS
Inflammation -> accumulation of fluid in pericardial sac restricts movement & decreases pumping
47
CARDIOMYOPATHY
All diseases of heart muscle
48
HEART MURMUR
Blowing/clicking/whoosh from heart/ near vessels when valves don’t completely close
49
MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE
Protrusion of heart valve so valve can’t close completely
50
VALVULAR STENOSIS
Narrowing/stiffening/thickening/blockage of at least 1 valve
51
HEART VALVE DISEASE IS ALSO KNOWN AS
Valvular heart disease
52
HEART VALVE DISEASE
Degenerative condition prevent valves from opening & closing properly
53
S/S: HEART VALVE DISEASE
Fatigue, shortness of breath, & lightheadedness
54
AORTIC STENOSIS
Buildup of calcium & fat deposits in aortic valve -> narrowing so can’t open fully
55
MITRAL VALVE REGURGITATION
Mitral valve doesn’t close tightly -> retrograde flow
56
MITRAL VALVE REGURGITATION IS ALSO CALLED
Insufficiency/incompetence
57
ARRHYTHMIA
Loss of normal heart rhythm bc of abnormal electrical conduction
58
ASYSTOLE
Complete lack of electrical activity in heart; 1 condition required for certifying death
59
ASYSTOLE IS ALSO CALLED WHAT
Flat line
60
CARDIAC ARREST
Heart stops beating/arrhythmia prevents efficient blood pumping
61
HEART BLOCK
Congenital/acquired arrhythmia
62
CAUSE: HEART BLOCK
Electrical signal thru heart partially/completely blocked from getting to ventricles
63
SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA
Episodes of very rapid & regular heart beats/from above AV node that begins & ends abruptly
64
SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA IS ALSO CALLED
Paroxysma supraventricular tachycardia
65
VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA
Very rapid heart from in ventricles -> can’t pump adequately
66
LONG QT SYNDROME
Inherited/acquired condition of fast, chaotic, potentially dangerous arrhythmias
67
FIBRILLATION
Potentially fatal, fast & irregular heartbeat of rapid & spontaneous contractions of atria/ventricles
68
ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
Most common type of tachycardia; rapid, uncontrolled, twitching of heart wall -> irregular & quivering atria
69
VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION
Rapid, irregular, & useless contractions of ventricles
70
VASCULITIS
Inflammation of blood vessel
71
TEMPORAL ARTERITIS IS ALSO CALLED
Giant cell arteritis
72
TEMPORARL ARTERITIS
Inflammation of temporal arteries
73
S/S: TEMPORAL ARTERITIS
Headaches, double vision, jaw pain, stroke, unilateral/bilateral blindness
74
HEMANGIOMA
Benign tumor made of new blood vessels
75
HYPOPERFUSION
Deficiency of blood passing thru organ/part
76
ANEURYSM
Localized weak spot/ballooning of artery wall
77
CAROTID ARTERY STENOSIS IS ALSO CALLED WHAT
Arteriostenosis
78
CHRONIC VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY
Inadequate venous circulation from partial blockage/leakage of valves generally in feet & ankles leading to discoloration
79
CHRONIC VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY (CVI) IS ALSO CALLED WHAT
Venous insufficiency
80
VARICOSE VEINS
Abnormally swollen veins in superficial veins bc of valve failure
81
THROMBOTIC OCCLUSION
Blocking of artery by thrombus
82
CORONARY THROMBOSIS
Damage to heart from thrombus
83
VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM (VTE)
Thrombus from vein break & travel
84
DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS (DVT)
Thrombus attach to interior wall of vein
85
PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES (PVD)
Blood vessel disorders outside brain & heart; generally the narrowing of vessels to leg/arms/gastric/renal
86
PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE (PAD)
PVD from arteriostenosis; common & serious w/intermittent calf pain (claudication) w/activity
87
PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE IS ALSO CALLED
Peripheral arterial occlusive disease
88
GANGRENE
Tissue death from shortage of blood most common in ppl w/PAD affecting fingers, toes, & limbs; can lead to sepsis
89
RAYNAUD’S DISEASE
PAD intermittent attacks from cold temps/stress -> constricted circulation
90
BLOOD DYSCARSIA
Any pathological condition of cell elements of blood
91
HEMOCHROMATOSIS
Genetic disorder where too much iron is absorbed & accumulates in organs leading to damage
92
HEMOCHROMATOSIS IS ALSO CALLED
Iron overload disease
93
POLYCYTHEMIA
Cancer w/abnormally high # of RBCs
94
SEPSIS
Organ damage from chemicals from blood trigger inflammatory response
95
SEPSIS IS ALSO CALLED
Septicemia
96
CAUSE: SEPSIS
Bacteria/infectious organisms in blood
97
THROMBOCYTOSIS
Abnormally high # of platelets
98
TRANSFUSION REACTION
Transfusion w/incompatible blood types
99
HYPERLIPIDEMA
High levels of cholesterol & other fatty substances
100
MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME
Cancer w/not enough of at least 1 type of blood cells; patients can later get acute myeloid leukemia
101
LEUKEMIA
Cancer w/progressive increase in abnormal WBC in blood-forming tissues, organs, & blood
102
APLASTIC ANEMIA
No formed elements (leukopenia & thrombocytopenia)
103
IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA
Most common; not enough iron to make hemoglobin
104
CAUSE: IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA
Blood loss, poor iron absorption, inadequate iron intake
105
MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA
Blood disorder w/symptom of anemia; RBCs bigger than normal
106
CAUSE: MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA
Deficiency of folic acid/vitamin B12
107
PERNICIOUS ANEMIA
Lack protein intrinsic factor to absorb vitamin B12 -> vitamin B12 deficiency
108
HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA
Inherited/acquired; not enough RBCs bc spleen destroying them too early
109
SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
Inherited & recessive; RBCs malformed after giving up O2 -> lose flexibility & surface area for gas exchange
110
THALASSEMIA
Inherited & common around Mediterranian; mild/severe from low hemoglobin & RBCs
111
THALASSEMIA IS ALSO CALLED
Cooley’s anemia
112
ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION
Hypotension when standing
113
ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION IS ALSO CALLED
Postural hypotension
114
FLUTTER/ATRIAL FLUTTER
Atria beats faster than ventricles -> quivering
115
PREMATURE VENTRICULAR CONTRACTIONS
Extra, abnormal heartbeats that disrupt regular ventricular rhythm
116
CARDIAC TAMPONADE
Excess fluid in pericardium
117
EDEMATOUS
Swelling often associated w/insufficient function of LV
118
S/S: SHOCK
Agitation, anxiety, restlessness, confusion, cool/pale/clammy skin, cyanosis, chest pain, dizziness, lightheadedness
119
SHOCK
Peripheral blood flow insufficient to return to heart
120
ANGIOGRAPHY
X-ray of blood vessels w/contrast
121
CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION (CARD CATH/CC)
Diagnostic & treatment; catheter in vein/artery to heart for angiographies, angioplasties, pressure readings, or take samples
122
DUPLEX ULTRASOUND
Capture blood vessels & flow of blood
123
VENOGRAPHY
Shows specific veins w/contrast
124
ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY (EKG/ECG)
Records electrical activity of myocardium
125
HOLTER MONITOR
Portable ECG on ambulatory patient over 24-48 hr period to diagnose arrhythmia
126
STRESS TEST
See cardiovascular health & function while on treadmill/injected with meds to increase bpm
127
THALLIUM STRESS TEST
How well blood flows thru coronary arteries during exercise
128
DOPPLER SONOGRAPHY/DOPPLER ULTRASOUND
Measure blood flow & BP; sound waves bounce off RBCs
129
ECHOCARDIOGRAM
Ultrasound visualize internal structure
130
ECHOCARDIOGRAM IS ALSO CALLED
Multigated acquisition (MUGA) scan
131
APHERESIS
Separate blood into components to remove toxic substances/autoantibodies or harvest blood cells
132
COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT
Determine # of formed elements including hematocrit & WBC differential
133
TYPE & CROSSMATCH
Check blood type compatibility
134
NUCLEAR VENTRICULOGRAPHY
Tracer injected to make images of LV & RV to measure volume of blood pumped by ventricles
135
POSITION EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY SCAN
Tracer look for disease/poor blood flow in heart or brain
136
WHAT CAN DIAGNOSE HEART DAMAGE, SCAR TISSUE, CVA, ALZHEIMER’S & EPILEPSY
PET scan
137
ANTIHYPERTENSIVE
Lower BP
138
ACE INHIBITOR
Blocks action of angiotensin II contracting blood vessel to treat hypertension & heart failure
139
ACE INHIBITOR IS ALSO KNOWN AS
Angiotensin-converting enzyme
140
BETA BLOCKER
Decrease workload of heart by slowing bpm; treats hypertension, angina, heart failure, heart rhythm disorders, migraines, panic attacks, & tremors
141
CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS
Heart & blood vessels dilate -> increase O2 & blood & lowers calcium movement into cells of heart & vessels making it easier to pump blood; treat hypertension & angina
142
DIURETIC
Substance stimulate kidneys to get rid of excess Na & H2O; treat hypertension & heart failure
143
ANTIARRHYTHMIC
Medication to control irregular bpm
144
ANTICOAGULANTS ARE ALSO CALLED WHAT
Blood thinners
145
COUMADIN
Brand name for warfarin; treat clotting difficulties, certain pm irregularities, after heart attack/heart valve replacement surgery
146
HEPARIN
Faster version of Coumadin given via injection/IV
147
ASPIRIN
Reduce heart attack/stroke by thinning blood
148
CHOLESTEROL-LOWERING DRUG
Combat hyperlipidemia by lower LDL
149
DIGITALIS
Strengthen heart contraction, slow bpm, help eliminate fluid from tissue; treat & prevent certain arrhythmias & heart conditions; available as digoxin
150
THROMBOLYTIC
Dissolves/breaks thrombus
151
THROMBOLYTIC IS ALSO CALLED WHAT
Clot busting drug
152
TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR (TPA)
Thrombolytic for heart attack/stroke
153
VASOCONSTRICTOR
Blood vessels narrow (antihistamines & decongestants)
154
NITROGLYCERIN
Vasodilator to prevent/relieve angina pain & dilate vessels to brain
155
ANGIOPLASTY
Mechanically widening vessel
156
BALLOON ANGIOPLASTY
Balloon on catheter stretching lumen
157
BALLOON ANGIOPLASTY IS ALSO CALLED WHAT
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
158
LASER ANGIOPLASTY
Laser on end of catheter; done before PTCA or separately
159
STENT
Mesh tube after artery opened
160
RESTENOSIS
Artery opened by angioplasty reclosed
161
ATHERECTOMY
Surgical removal of plaque
162
CAROTID ENDARTERECTOMY
Surgical removal of lining/plaque of clogged carotid artery; reduce stroke risk
163
CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT (CABG)
Most common types of open heart surgery; vein from leg/chest replace blocked artery
164
SYNCHRONIZED CARDIOVERSION
Similar to defibrillation but lower voltage & non-emergency to relieve arrhythmia
165
IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER-DEFIBRILLATOR (ICD)
Internal double action pacemaker to prevent bradycardia
166
PACEMAKER
Treat arrhythmia externally or internally
167
CARDIAC ABLATION
Heat/extreme cold scar/destroy heart tissue trigger poor rhythm
168
CARDIAC ABLATION IS ALSO CALLED WHAT
Catheter ablation
169
VALVULOPLASTY
Surgical repair of heart valve w/narrow opening
170
VALVULOPLASTY IS ALSO CALLED WHAT
Balloon valvuloplasty
171
HEART VALVE REPLACEMENT
Replace valve (gen aortic/mitral) w/mechanical/animal/human transplant
172
TRANSCATHETER AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT (TAVR)
Minimally invasive; catheter deliver good valve within defective valve
173
ANEURYSM CLIPPING
Isolate aneurysm w/permanent clip
174
PLASMAPHERESIS
Remove all blood & cellular elements to collect plasma
175
HEMOSTASIS
Stop/control bleeding
176
ENARTERECTOMY
Remove plaque from lining of artery
177
PTCA
Opens blocked coronary arteries w/balloon & stent gen done during diagnostic cardiac catheterization
178
PTCA IS ALSO KNOWN AS
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
179
TELEMETRY NURSE
Specialize in tech to track vitals
