Respiratory Flashcards
The formation of cavities in an organ or tissue
-Frequently seen in some forms of tuberculosis
Cavitation
Blueish discoloration of the skin or mucous membrane due to lack of oxygen
Cyanosis
Extreme dehydration, complete or almost complete loss of water
Desiccation
Blood in the sputum
Hemoptysis
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the thoracic cavity
Hydrothorax
Saliva and mucus that is coughed up
Sputum
Inflammation of the nasal passage
-May be caused by chemicals or an infection
-Chronic ___ is usually related to an allergy
Rhinitis
Inflammation of a sinus in a bone
-May be caused by chemicals or an infection
-May involve more than one sinus
-Can cause pressure in the face
Sinusitis
Inflammation of the pharynx
-May be associated with other respiratory conditions
Pharyngitis
Inflammation of the larynx (voice box)
-May be associated with other respiratory conditions
Laryngitis
Inflammation of the trachea
-Usually attributed to a bacteria infection of the trachea
-Most dangerous for young children
Tracheitis
Inflammation of the bronchi
-May be acute or chronic
-Often associated with productive cough
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the lungs due to infection
-Usually attributed to an infection of the lungs
-There are different classifications
Pneumonia
Inflammation of the pleura
-occurs due to an infection in the pleural space
-Exudate may develop in pleural space
-May also cause the pleura to adhere to diaphragm/ chest wall
Pleurisy
From Pleurisy
1. Exudate containing pus
2. Exudate contains blood
3. Collection of pus in the body cavity, especially in the pleural space
- Empyema
- Hemorrhagic pleurisy
- Empyema
Respiratory infection caused by a virus
-Commonly caused by rhinoviruses and coronaviruses
Common cold (acute coryza)
Condition in which the bronchi are hypersensitive to stimuli
-Mucous lining of the bronchi becomes irritated and bronchi swell shut
-Swelling causes a reduction in airflow
-More common in children
-Triggers include: allergens, respiratory tract infections, foods, emotional stress
Asthma (bronchial asthma)
Contagious respiratory infection caused by Myobacterium tuberculosis
-Spread via aerosol droplets
-Often multi-drug resistant
-Immune system tries to contain bacteria in the lungs by “fencing it off”
-Lesions (tubercles) eventually rupture and bacteria spreads
-Surrounding tissue becomes necrotic and forms caseation
-Eventually causes cavitation in the lungs
-May be associated with hemoptysis or blood in the sputum
Tuberculosis
Infiltration of the lungs with various forms of dust
-Mineral dusts become trapped in the respiratory system and cause a localized accumulation of macrophages
-Trapped materials + immune response cause fibrous masses to form in the lungs
-Disease process is affected by the size of the particles
-Can spread to the lymphatic system
-Often associated with other respiratory disorders, heart failure, cancer, and death
Pneumoconiosis
Inhalation of coal dust
-Black lung, anthracosis
-Coal is mostly carbon but dust contains minerals from surrounding rock (including crystalline silica)
Coal workers pneumoconiosis
Inhalation of crystalline silica
-Sandblasting, mining, tunneling, drilling, ceramics, plastics, brick, chalk
Silicosis
Inhalation of asbestos
-Very fine crystalline silica
Asbestosis
Inhalation of beryllium
-Coal, oil, soil, volcanic ash, rocks
Berylliosis
Complete or partial collapse of the lung
-Lung is unable to fully expand
-Inadequate oxygen and CO2 exchange
-Lungs are not able to properly oxygenate the blood
Atelectasis
Occurs in the trachea or bronchi are blocked
Obstructive atelectasis
Occurs when there is something trapped in the pleural space
-Parietal and visceral pleura cannot properly move past each other
1. Air trapped in the pleural space
2. Blood trapped in the pleural space
Nonobstructive atelectasis
1. Pneumothorax
2. Hemothorax
Inflammatory disease of the respiratory system associated with air pockets forming at the terminal ends of the bronchioles
-Walls of the alveolar sacs become desiccated and tear
-Patient can inhale but can’t properly exhale
-Often a secondary condition
Emphysema
Abscess in the lung caused by infection
Lung abscess
Localized accumulation of pus
-Can be associated with inhalation of bacteria, gum disease, tumors, and pneumonia
-Presense of multiple lung abscesses are common in IV drug users but usually just one in present
-Abscess will eventually rupture
Abscess
A separation of the two sides of the lip
-May include the bones of the upper jaw
Cleft lip
Congenitally malformed palate with a fissure along the midline
-Occurs when the two sides of the palate do not fuse together during development
-Results in a hole between the palatine bones
Cleft palate
Genetic and terminal respiratory condition that creates a lack of chloride which results in a thick mucus throughout the body
-Average lifespan is about 20 years
-Defective cells are unable to release chloride because of a gene mutation
-Lack of chloride results in salt imbalance in cells
-Creates a thick, sticky mucus that clogs the lungs, leads to infection, and blocks the pancreas
Cystic fibrosis
-Coccioidomycosis (Coccidiodes immitis)
-Histoplasmosis (Hhisoplasma capsulatum)
-Pneumocystis (Pneumocystis jirovecii)
-CO2 poisoning
-Hanging/ stagnulation
-Drowning
