Cardiovascular disorders Flashcards
Deepest layer of the heart
Endocardium
Muscle layer between endocardium and epicardium
-Coronary arteries feed blood to this tissue
Myocardium
Visceral (deepest layer) and Parietal (outer layer) layers of the heart
Pericardium
Abnormal accumulation of fluid within the pericardial sac
Hydropericardium
Excess of blood in an area of the body
Hyperemia
The enlargement of an organ or structure due to the increase in size of cells composing it
Hypertrophy
Death of tissue due to lack of blood supply
Infarction
Reduction in arterial blood supply
Ischemia
The formation or presence of an attached blood clot
Thrombosis
Failure of a heart valve to close tightly, thus allowing regurgitation of blood
Valvular insufficiency (incompetence)
The condition of the heart being enlarged due to stretching as a result of disease
-Often occurs due to the heart overfilling with blood
-May result in damage to the valves or the cardiac septum which may lead to a back flow of blood
Dilatation (dilation)
Enlargement of the heat due to an increase in the size of the cells composing it
-May be pathological but is often a change experienced by athletes
-Initially is a positive change that is an adaptive response to an increased cardiac workload that allows the heart to pump more blood
Cardiac hypertrophy
High blood pressure in combination with left ventricle hypertrophy
-As the size of the heart increases, myocardium becomes tighter and less efficient
-Also occurs in combination with changes to the left atrium and the coronary arteries
Hypertensive heart disease
Inflammation of the endocardium
-May include heart valves and/ or cardiac septum
-Some causes and associated conditions: damage caused by blood clots, presense of bacteria, infection from implantation of artificial heart valves, intravenous drugs
-Infection may easily spread to the kidneys and cause inflammation of the renal blood vessels
Endocarditis
Inflammation of the pericardium or in the space between the layers of the pericardium
-Heart is unable to expand properly and blood pressure drops
-Commonly caused by infection and blunt force trauma
-Cardiac tamponade is a fatal decrease in blood pressure resulting from an excessive amount of fluid accumulation in the pericardial space
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the heart muscle
-Can result in a decreased ability of the heart muscle to properly pump blood
-May be associated with a virus, drug reaction, or other inflammatory condition
Myocarditis
Inflammation of the heart
-Generally actually refers to myocarditis, pericarditis, or endocarditis
Carditis
Failure of a heart valve to close tightly, thus allowing regurgitation of blood
-Congenital condition that causes the valves to form improperly
Valvular insufficiency (incompetence)
Narrowing of the valvular orifice
-Acquired
Valvular stenosis (stricture)
Misshapen valve due to excessive stretching
-Aquired
Valvular prolapse
A mass of matter in the bloodstream
Embolus
The sudden obstruction of a blood vessel by debris
Embolism
A blood clot that is attached to a blood vessel or cavity of the heart
Thrombus
The formation or presence of an attached blood clot
Thrombosis
Permanent damage to the heart valve due to rheumatic fever
-Result of bacterial infection (Streptococcus pyogenes)
-Most commonly causes damage to the mitral valve
-Can lead to endocarditis or other infections of other layers of the heart
-Can lead to cardiac failure if severe enough
-Originates as strep throat or scarlet fever before progressing to rheumatic fever
Rheumatic heart disease
Heart failure
Cardiac failure
Heart failure that is sudden and often caused by injury, infection, a heart attack, or a blood clot
Acute heart failure
Heart failure that is long term and is often associated with another disorder or disorders
Chronic heart failure
Heart is unable to pump as much blood as the venous system is supplying
Congestive heart failure
-Blood is congested in the ventricles and eventually throughout the venous system
-Not enough blood is entering the arterial system
-Causes edema in associated tissues
-May result in cardiac failure in the entire heart or cardiac failure on the left or right side of the heart
-R sided cardiac failure is usually due to an issue with L ventricle and leads to generalized edema
-L sided cardiac failure is usually caused by high blood pressure, bicuspid or aortic valve issues, coronary artery disease, or disorders of the myocardium and often results in pulmonary edema
Congestive heart failure
Formation of necrosis caused by an obstruction
-Often due to a blood clot within the coronary artery
-Can lead to cardiac failure
-Usually when death occurs, it is acute
-If partial blockage occurs, chronic cardiac failure may ensue
Myocardial infarction (heart attack)
Disease of the heart muscle
-Reduces the ability of the heart to pump blood
-Primary is idiopathic
-Secondary has a known cause
Cardiomyopathy
Inflammation of the arteries
-Idiopathic
-Sometimes associated with bacteria, fungi, viruses, and autoimmune conditions
Arteritis
Inflammation of the veins
-Causes blood clots to form along the walls and valves of the veins
-Common in calf muscles
Phlebitis
If phlebitis is in the legs and spreads throughout the pelvic region
Deep venous thrombosis
Enlarged twisted veins
-Most common in the legs and feet
-Sometimes associated with pain
Varicose veins
Varicose veins, but in the esophagus
Esophageal varices
Disease of the arteries resulting in thickening and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls
-Most common in large, medium sized arteries
-Some forms affect the arterioles only or the medial layer of the arteries only
Arteriosclerosis
Form of arteriosclerosis marked by the deposition of lipids in the inner layer of arterial walls
-Fatty substances: cholesterol, cellular waste, calcium
-Common in elderly people
-Plaque can occlude arteries and fragment of becoming a floating embolus
Atherosclerosis
Narrowing of the coronary arteries due to atherosclerosis
-Plaque can form and reduce blood flow and cause blood clot formation
-Thickening of the arterial wall causes spasms
-Loss of blood flow eventually will lead to death
Coronary artery disease (Ischemic heart disease)
A localized dilation of a blood vessel
-Caused by damage to or weakness of a blood vessel
-Almost always form in an artery
-Pressure will likely eventually cause a rupture
-Most fatal occur in the abdominal aorta or cerebral arteries
Aneurysm
Necrotic tissue due to a reduction in arterial blood supply to a body part that remains aseptic
Dry gangrene (Ischemic necrosis)
Necrotic tissue resulting from inadequate venous drainage accompanied by the invasion of saprophytic bacteria
Moist gangrene
