Bones and joints Flashcards
How many bones are in the axial skeleton and what is it made up of?
80 bones composed of the head and the truck
How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton and what is it made up of
126 bones made up of the appendages and the pectoral and pelvic girdle
How many bones are in the human body
206 in adults
Congenital absence of one or more limbs
Amelia
Failure of a tissue or an organ to form
Aplasia
Abnormal development of tissue
Dysplasia
Underdevelopment of a tissue, organ or the body
Hypoplasia
A defect or deformity
Malformation (anomaly)
Congenital condition in which the proximal portion of the limbs are poorly developed or absent
Phocomelia
A wasting; decrease in size of an organ or tissue
Atrophy
The deterioration of tissues with corresponding functional impairment as a result of disease or injury
Degeneration
A condition due to lack of dietary or metabolic substance
Deficiency
Loss of bone density
-Occurs throughout the skeleton
-bones are predisposed to fractures
not enough bone is being created to make up for what’s being reabsorbed
leading cause is a lack of estrogen (type I) but may also be due to old age (type II)
-Advanced form is often associated with a curvature of the spine
Osteoporosis
Inflammation of bone and bone marrow
-Caused by an infection, usually of pyogenic bacteria
-Can be localized or the result of a focal infection
-More common in children and twice as common in boys
Osteomyelitis
Osteomyelitis that is the result of a focal infection
Hematogenous osteomyelitis
Osteomyelitis that is the result of exposure during trauma or surgery
Inoculation osteomyelitis
Abnormal softening of bones in adults
-Occurs because of issues with calcification
-Usually result of a deficiency in vitaminD
-May also be the result of other conditions (kidney failure) or some medications (meds to treat seizures
Osteomalacia
A disease of infants and young children caused by deficiency of vitaminD resulting in defective bone growth
-Results in bones being very soft
Rickets
Condition caused by swelling, hardening, and stiffening of joints resulting in a lack of flexibility and disfigurement
-Also associated with fluid buildup deep in the tissues
-Several types including autoimmune ___ or rheumatoid ___ and osteo___, which involves cartilage deterioration
-May be associated with edema or poor distribution
Arthritis
A type of arthritis caused by a buildup of uric acid
-results in severe pain, swelling, and redness
-Most commonly affects the big toe joint
-usually occurs after a period of remission
-can result in buildup of nitrogenous waste
Gout
Inflammation of the bursae
-results in pain and usually due to overuse/stress of a joint
-recurrence is common
Bursitis
Broken bones
-Simple do not protrude through the skin
-Compound protrudes through the skin
-Many classifications of both simple and compound
Fractures
A lateral curvature of the spine
-sometimes associated with other disorders
usually occurs during a growth spurt and is usually mild
-more common in girls
Scoliosis
Bone growth disorder resulting in a type of dwarfism
-genetic mutation or inherited gene
-usually associated with deformed joints and poor muscle tone
-may result in death due to abnormalities of the foramen magnum and vertebrae
Achondroplasia
Congenital defect in which part of the vertebral column is absent or there is incomplete closure
-different types that range in severity
-treatment varies from case to case
Spina bifida
Hyperplasia or excessive growth of bones
-causes chronic inflammation, thickening, and softening of bones
-cause is unknown
-occurs in the elderly
-can cause compressed spinal nerves, increased cardiac output, and death
Paget’s disease (osteitis deformans)
Bone cancer
-can metastasize
-cancerous bone being produced is weaker than normal bone
-most commonly occurs on the femur
Osteosarcoma
