RESPIRATORY 15

Question 1

Overview of breath:
Inspiration
1) What occurs at the brain stem and phrenic nerve
2) What happens to the inspiratory muscles
3) What happens to the thoracic volume?
4) What happens to the lung?
5) What is the direction of the air?

Answer 1

1) Brain stem sends signals to the phrenic nerve
2) Inspiratory muscles contract
3) Thoracic volume contract
4) Lung expands
5) Air goes in

Question 2

Overview of breath:
Expiration 
1) What is the lung volume?
2) What happens to stretch receptors 
3) What happens to the chest 
4) What is the direction of the air?

Answer 2

1) Lung at peak volume
2) Activation of stretch receptors
3) Diaphragm stops
4) Chest contracts
5) Air goes out

Question 3

What happens when the peak volume is reached?

Answer 3

Stretch receptors send signals to brain stem to shut down inspiration.

Question 4

Name the different respiratory muscles?

Answer 4

1) Inspiratory muscles
2) Diaphragm muscle
3) Expiratory muscle

Question 5

Types of Diaphragm muscle

Answer 5

1) Upper airway muscles
2) Sternocleidomastoids
3) Scalenes
4) External intercostals

Question 6

Expiratory muscles

Answer 6

1) Abdominal muscles

2) Internal intercostals

Question 7

Inspiratory muscles

1) Main muscle for breathing?
2) Controlled by?
3) Inserted by?
4) Moves downward?

Answer 7

1) Diaphgram
2) Phrenic nerve from spinal segments C3, C4, and C5
3) Lower ribs
4) Contracts

Question 8

Inspiratory muscles?

1) Accessory respiratory muscles
2) Innervated by?
3) Inserted in the?
4) Lift ribs and?
5) Upper airway muscle?

Answer 8

1) External intercostal, sternocleidomastoids and scalenes
2) Intercostal nerves
3) Upper ribs
4) Expand thorax
5) Genioglossus muscle of the tongue

Question 9

Which inspiratory muscles increase the volume?

Answer 9

Sternocledioma stoids and scalenes

External intercostal muscles

Question 10

1) Expiration?
2) Expiratory muscles use?
3) Internal intercostal?
4) Abdominal muscles?

Answer 10

1) Passive at rest
2) During voluntary expiration or during enviromental challenges
3) Contract and force ribs inward
4) Force ribs inward and decrease adbominal volume

Question 11

Clinical focus: Congential diaphragmatic hernais

1) Definition
2) Symptoms
3) Causes
4) Treatment

Answer 11

1) CDH is a congential malformation (birth defect) of the diaphragm, usually an opening in the diaphragm
2) Serve breathing difficulty almost always develops shortly after the baby is born, because of ineffective movement of the diaphragm and crowding of the lung tissue, which cause collapse
3) Improper joining of structures during fetal development
4) Surgery is done to place the abdominal organs into

Question 12

What is a Hernia?

Answer 12

A hernia occurs when an organ pushes through an opening in the muscle or tissues that holds it in place

Question 13

1) Rib cage and thoracic cavity expand

Answer 13

1) Sternocleidomastoids and scalenes contract

2) Diaphragm muscle contracts and moves down

Question 14

2) Pressure in thoracic cavity decreases and lungs expand

Answer 14

1) Pressure inside lungs decreases

2) Air moves in

Question 15

Lung enclosure

Answer 15

Pleural sacs enclose the lungs

Question 16

Pleural cavity

Function of the pleural fluid and sacs

Answer 16

1) Create a moist, slippery surface facilitating movements: lubrication
2) Hold the lungs tight against the thoracic wall: suction/adherence

Question 17

Intrapleural space

1) What is it filled with
2) What does a non-expansible liquid lead to?
3) How due pleural membranes adhere to the thoracic wall?
4) What can Pleura be described as?

Answer 17

1) Filled with a few ml of fluid
2) Lungs follow volume changes of the thorax
3) By connective tissue
4) Suction cup

Question 18

Clinical focus: Pneumonthorax
Describe: 2 characteristics of the disease?
3) What is the first aid remedy?

Answer 18

1) Air in the pleural cavity breaks the fluid bond holding the lung to the chest wall
2) Chest wall expands outwards
3) Apply a wet dressing on the wound to act as a one way valve (out) and (+) pressure at the mouth to inflate lungs

Question 19

Clinical focus: Hydrothorax

1) Definition
2) Symptoms (4)
3) Cause
4) Treatment

Answer 19

1) A condition that results from blood accumulating in the pleural cavity
2) Symptoms: Tachypnea, Dyspnea, Cyanosis, decreased or absent breath sounds on affected side
3) Traumatic, from a blunt or penetrating injury to the thorax
4) Removing the source of bleeding and by draining the blood already in the thoracic cavity

Question 20

Define Ventilation?

What is the formula for pulmonary ventilation?

Answer 20

The volume of air carried from the environment to the alveoli per unit of time
V = Rate x Volume (L/min)

Question 21

How do pressure gradients affect the way air flows into the lungs?

Answer 21

Pressure is lower (or negative) in lungs compared to environment.

Question 22

How is flow calculated?

Answer 22

Change in pressure / resistance (L/min)

Question 23

What Law related pressure to volume?

What is the formula

Answer 23

Boyle’s Law

P1 x V1 = P2 x V2