BLOOD 2

Question 1

List the 3 overall functions of the immune system

Answer 1

Destroys Pathogens
Destroys and kills abnormal cells
Remove cell debris from body

Question 2

2 Types of immunity

Answer 2

Innate Immunity: rapid, non specific

Acquired Immunity: slower, specific

Question 3

Components of the immune system

1. Thymus ?
2. Bone marrow?
3. List the 2 encapsulated lymphoid tissues
4. Tonsils and GALT?

Answer 3

1. Produces T lymphocytes
2. Produces most blood cells
3. Lymph nodes and spleen
4. Are diffuse Lymphoid tissue

Question 4

Three roles of Lymphatics

Answer 4

1. Return excess tissue fluid to the blood
2. Transport pathogens/dendritic cells to lymph nodes
3. Transport fat from digestive system to the blood

Question 5

Specialized lymphoid organs

1. Lymph nodes?
2. Spleen?

Answer 5

1. Monitor Lymph

2. Monitors blood

Question 6

List Immune cells found in:

1) Blood
2) Tissues

Answer 6

1) Lymhocytes, Monocytes, Neutrophils, Esoinophils and Basophils
2) Macrophages, Dendritic cells and Mast cells

Question 7

Elements of the innate immune system

Answer 7

1) Physical barriers
2) Phagocytes
3) Natural killer cells
4) Antimicrobial proteins
5) Inflammation
6) Fever

Question 8

Physical Barriers

a) Epithelium
b) Glandular secretions
c) Stomach acidity
d) Mechanical Removal

Answer 8

a) The protective barrier of skin and mucous membranes is the body’s first line of defense
b) Secretions: mucus, antibodies and enzymes: to trap and disable pathogens
c) Low pH helps destory swallowed pathogens
d) Pathogens can be physically removed: mucocillary escalator, tears, coughing, sneezing Gi motility

Question 9

Phagocytes

a) Release?
b) Name receptor that recognize pathogen on phagocyte
c) Name the antibody receptor which has a constant region

Answer 9

a) Chemotaxins
b) Toll like receptors
c) Fc receptor

Question 10

List 2 ways in which phagocytes respond to pathogens.

An antibody is an example of an?

Answer 10

1) Phagocytosis
2) Antigen presentation
Opsonin

Question 11

Define Opsonization

Identify 4 main steps from phagocytosis to APC.

Answer 11

Coating a substance with an opsonin

1) Lysosome contains enzyme an oxidants
2) Phagosome contains ingested pathogen
3) Macrophage digests antigen lysosome
4) APC displays antigen fragments on surface receptors

Question 12

Name the surface receptor on the APC

Answer 12

MHC class II

Question 13

List 2 functions of NK cells

What does the inhibitory receptor on the NK cell bind to and why?

Answer 13

1) Kill both cancerous and virally infected cells
2) Cytokine secretion
MHC Class I to reduce expression: NK cells is more susceptible to NK cells

Question 14

Name 2 cytokines NK cells produce.

Answer 14

1) Interferons

2) Granule release

Question 15

Antimicrobial proteins
Interferons?
1) alpha and beta?
2) Gamma activate macrophages and other immune cells

Answer 15

1) Prevent viral replication in cells

2) Activate macrophages and other immune cells

Question 16

4 functions of Complement

Answer 16

1) Destroy target cell membranes
2) Stimulate inflammation
3) Phagocytes
4) Enhance phagocytosis

Question 17

Name the 3 complement pathways

Activation leads to cleavage of ? into ?

Answer 17

1) Classical Pathway
2) Lectin Pathway
3) Alternative Pathway
C3 into C3a and C3b

Question 18

What activates:

1) Classical pathway
2) Lectin pathway
3) Alternative pathway

Answer 18

1) Antigen-antibody complex
2) Microorgranism’s cell wall polysaccharide
3) No inhibitors on microbe surface

Question 19

Name the 2 opsonins that cause inflammation

What mainly causes opsonization

Answer 19

C3a and C5a

C3b

Question 20

Classical Pathway
Name the 2 antibodies required
Steps?

Answer 20

IgG or IgM

1) C1 cleaves C4 & C2
2) Into C4b2a
3) Then to C42a3

Question 21

Lectin Pathway

Answer 21

Responsible for binding lectins on pathogen and C4

Question 22

Alternative Pathway 
What binds to microbial surfaces?
Name the 2 factors involved ?
Which factor cleaves the other?
What is the final product

Answer 22

C3b
Factor D and Factor B
Factor D factor B
C3bBb3b

Question 23

Membrane Attack Complex 
Which molecules cleave C5?
What is C5 cleaved into?
List other 4 caspases? 
What final product activates MAC?

Answer 23

C4b2a3b and C3bBb3b
C5b
C6, C7, C8 and C9
C5-9

Question 24

Inflammation description?

List 3 roles?

Answer 24

Localized tissue response to injury producing

1) Slowing the spread of pathogens
2) Mobilization of local, regional and systemic defenses
3) Sets the stage for repair

Question 25

Inflammatory response

List steps from Tissue damage to tissue repair?

Answer 25

1) Chemical change in intersititial fluid
2) Mast cell release histamine and heparin – Attraction of phagocytes especially neutrophils
a) Activation of specific defenses
b) Removal of debris by neutrophils and macrophages; stimulation of repair
3) Dilation of blood vessels, increased blood flow, increased vessel permeability
4) Area becomes red, swollen, warm and painful
5) Clot formation

Question 26

Inflammatory response

Answer 26

Mainly leads to antibody, complement kinins, clotting factors move into interstitial tissue
Kinin cascade lead to formation of bradykinin-vasodilator and stimulates pain receptors

Question 27

Fever
Body temperature?
Cause?
Roles: List 2?

Answer 27

> 37.2C
Pyrogens change the thermoregulatory set point in the hypothalamus
1) Speeds up metabolic activity of host
2) Inhibits some pathogens

Question 28

Examples of Pyrogens

Answer 28

Bacterial components, interleukin-1 released from activated macrophages