BLOOD 2 Flashcards
List the 3 overall functions of the immune system
Destroys Pathogens
Destroys and kills abnormal cells
Remove cell debris from body
2 Types of immunity
Innate Immunity: rapid, non specific
Acquired Immunity: slower, specific
Components of the immune system
- Thymus ?
- Bone marrow?
- List the 2 encapsulated lymphoid tissues
- Tonsils and GALT?
- Produces T lymphocytes
- Produces most blood cells
- Lymph nodes and spleen
- Are diffuse Lymphoid tissue
Three roles of Lymphatics
- Return excess tissue fluid to the blood
- Transport pathogens/dendritic cells to lymph nodes
- Transport fat from digestive system to the blood
Specialized lymphoid organs
- Lymph nodes?
- Spleen?
- Monitor Lymph
2. Monitors blood
List Immune cells found in:
1) Blood
2) Tissues
1) Lymhocytes, Monocytes, Neutrophils, Esoinophils and Basophils
2) Macrophages, Dendritic cells and Mast cells
Elements of the innate immune system
1) Physical barriers
2) Phagocytes
3) Natural killer cells
4) Antimicrobial proteins
5) Inflammation
6) Fever
Physical Barriers
a) Epithelium
b) Glandular secretions
c) Stomach acidity
d) Mechanical Removal
a) The protective barrier of skin and mucous membranes is the body’s first line of defense
b) Secretions: mucus, antibodies and enzymes: to trap and disable pathogens
c) Low pH helps destory swallowed pathogens
d) Pathogens can be physically removed: mucocillary escalator, tears, coughing, sneezing Gi motility
Phagocytes
a) Release?
b) Name receptor that recognize pathogen on phagocyte
c) Name the antibody receptor which has a constant region
a) Chemotaxins
b) Toll like receptors
c) Fc receptor
List 2 ways in which phagocytes respond to pathogens.
An antibody is an example of an?
1) Phagocytosis
2) Antigen presentation
Opsonin
Define Opsonization
Identify 4 main steps from phagocytosis to APC.
Coating a substance with an opsonin
1) Lysosome contains enzyme an oxidants
2) Phagosome contains ingested pathogen
3) Macrophage digests antigen lysosome
4) APC displays antigen fragments on surface receptors
Name the surface receptor on the APC
MHC class II
List 2 functions of NK cells
What does the inhibitory receptor on the NK cell bind to and why?
1) Kill both cancerous and virally infected cells
2) Cytokine secretion
MHC Class I to reduce expression: NK cells is more susceptible to NK cells
Name 2 cytokines NK cells produce.
1) Interferons
2) Granule release
Antimicrobial proteins
Interferons?
1) alpha and beta?
2) Gamma activate macrophages and other immune cells
1) Prevent viral replication in cells
2) Activate macrophages and other immune cells
4 functions of Complement
1) Destroy target cell membranes
2) Stimulate inflammation
3) Phagocytes
4) Enhance phagocytosis
Name the 3 complement pathways
Activation leads to cleavage of ? into ?
1) Classical Pathway
2) Lectin Pathway
3) Alternative Pathway
C3 into C3a and C3b
What activates:
1) Classical pathway
2) Lectin pathway
3) Alternative pathway
1) Antigen-antibody complex
2) Microorgranism’s cell wall polysaccharide
3) No inhibitors on microbe surface
Name the 2 opsonins that cause inflammation
What mainly causes opsonization
C3a and C5a
C3b
Classical Pathway
Name the 2 antibodies required
Steps?
IgG or IgM
1) C1 cleaves C4 & C2
2) Into C4b2a
3) Then to C42a3
Lectin Pathway
Responsible for binding lectins on pathogen and C4
Alternative Pathway What binds to microbial surfaces? Name the 2 factors involved ? Which factor cleaves the other? What is the final product
C3b
Factor D and Factor B
Factor D factor B
C3bBb3b
Membrane Attack Complex Which molecules cleave C5? What is C5 cleaved into? List other 4 caspases? What final product activates MAC?
C4b2a3b and C3bBb3b
C5b
C6, C7, C8 and C9
C5-9
Inflammation description?
List 3 roles?
Localized tissue response to injury producing
1) Slowing the spread of pathogens
2) Mobilization of local, regional and systemic defenses
3) Sets the stage for repair
Inflammatory response
List steps from Tissue damage to tissue repair?
1) Chemical change in intersititial fluid
2) Mast cell release histamine and heparin – Attraction of phagocytes especially neutrophils
a) Activation of specific defenses
b) Removal of debris by neutrophils and macrophages; stimulation of repair
3) Dilation of blood vessels, increased blood flow, increased vessel permeability
4) Area becomes red, swollen, warm and painful
5) Clot formation
Inflammatory response
Mainly leads to antibody, complement kinins, clotting factors move into interstitial tissue
Kinin cascade lead to formation of bradykinin-vasodilator and stimulates pain receptors
Fever
Body temperature?
Cause?
Roles: List 2?
> 37.2C
Pyrogens change the thermoregulatory set point in the hypothalamus
1) Speeds up metabolic activity of host
2) Inhibits some pathogens
Examples of Pyrogens
Bacterial components, interleukin-1 released from activated macrophages
