CARDIOVASCULAR 13 Flashcards
List 6 Cardiovascular diseases (CVD)
1) Coronary heart disease
2) Cerebrovascular disease
3) Peripheral arterial disease
4) Rheumatic heart disease (streptococcal bacteria)
5) Congenital heart disease
6) Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism
CVD risks factors (list 2)
1) Often due to levels of circulating lipids
2) Uncontrollable genetic background but modifiable lifestyle
Uncontrollable genetic background but modifiable lifestyle:
1) Blood lipids (x2) ?
2) Diabetes mellitus ?
1) Leads to artherosclerosis & HDL-C vs LDL-C
2) Metabolic disorder contributes to development of atherosclerosis
CVD: risk factors
Not controllable
1) Sex
2) Age
3) Family History
CVD: risk factors
Controllable
1) Smoking
2) Obesity
3) Sedentary lifetstyle
4) Untreated hypertension
5) Untreated cholestrol
6) Stress
Atheroclerosis (3 characteristics)
1) Build-up of fatty material
2) Plaque can cause a thrombus (blood clot) to form
3) Can dislodge and circulate as a large clot (thromboembolism)
a) Normal arterial wall characteristics
1) Endothelial cells
2) Elastic connective tissue
3) Smooth muscle cells
b) Fatty streak
1) LDL cholesterol accumulates
2) Macrophages
3) Smooth muscle cells
c) Stable fibrous plaque
1) A lipid core accumulates
2) Fibrous scar tissue
3) Smooth muscle cells
4) Calcifications are deposited within the plaque
d) Vulnerable plaque
1) Platelets
2) Macrophages
- -> Can rupture
Ischemic heart disease
An imbalance between the supply of oxygen and the myocardial demand resulting in myocardial ischaemia
List: Ischemic heart disease: manifestations
1) Asymptomatic
2) Stable angina pectoris
3) Myocardial infarction
4) Arrhythmia
5) Heart Failure
6) Sudden death
Acute Myocardial infarction: Diagnosis: 3 things
1) Typical chest pain
2) Myocardial enzyme elevation: Creatine kinase (CK-MB), Troponin
3) Electrocardiographic changes
Acute Myocardial Infarction: Medical treatment
1) Rest, oxygen, analgesia, aspirin
2) Thrombolysis
3) Primary angioplasty
4) Beta-Blockers
5) ACE inhibitors
Which medical treatment help with:
1) Platelet adhesion
2) t-PA(tissue plaminogen activator)
3) Plasminogen -> plasmin
1) Rest, oxygen, anaglesia, aspirin
2) Thrombolysis
3) Primary angioplasty
Characteristics of Heart Failure
1) Cardiac output is?
2) Causes
3) Digitalis?
4) Diuretics
5) Nitroglycerin is a ?
1) Inadequate
2) heart disease, hypertension, electrolyte imbalance
3) Increases contractility of heart muscle
4) Lower blood volume
5) Vasodilator
Another term for Precutaneous Coronary Intervention
Angioplasty
Variation in Blood pressure
cycles over a 24-hour period
Variations in Blood pressure
Extrinsic factors
1) Age
2) Sex
3) Weight
4) Race
5) Mood
6) Posture
7) Socioeconomic status
8) Physical activity
Alterations in Blood pressure
1) Hypertension
2) Hypotension
1) Sustained, elevated arterial pressure of 140/90 or higher
2) Low Bp in which systolic pressure is below 100mm Hg
