CARDIOVASCULAR 13

Question 1

List 6 Cardiovascular diseases (CVD)

Answer 1

1) Coronary heart disease
2) Cerebrovascular disease
3) Peripheral arterial disease
4) Rheumatic heart disease (streptococcal bacteria)
5) Congenital heart disease
6) Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism

Question 2

CVD risks factors (list 2)

Answer 2

1) Often due to levels of circulating lipids

2) Uncontrollable genetic background but modifiable lifestyle

Question 3

Uncontrollable genetic background but modifiable lifestyle:

1) Blood lipids (x2) ?
2) Diabetes mellitus ?

Answer 3

1) Leads to artherosclerosis & HDL-C vs LDL-C

2) Metabolic disorder contributes to development of atherosclerosis

Question 4

CVD: risk factors

Not controllable

Answer 4

1) Sex
2) Age
3) Family History

Question 5

CVD: risk factors

Controllable

Answer 5

1) Smoking
2) Obesity
3) Sedentary lifetstyle
4) Untreated hypertension
5) Untreated cholestrol
6) Stress

Question 6

Atheroclerosis (3 characteristics)

Answer 6

1) Build-up of fatty material
2) Plaque can cause a thrombus (blood clot) to form
3) Can dislodge and circulate as a large clot (thromboembolism)

Question 7

a) Normal arterial wall characteristics

Answer 7

1) Endothelial cells
2) Elastic connective tissue
3) Smooth muscle cells

Question 8

b) Fatty streak

Answer 8

1) LDL cholesterol accumulates
2) Macrophages
3) Smooth muscle cells

Question 9

c) Stable fibrous plaque

Answer 9

1) A lipid core accumulates
2) Fibrous scar tissue
3) Smooth muscle cells
4) Calcifications are deposited within the plaque

Question 10

d) Vulnerable plaque

Answer 10

1) Platelets
2) Macrophages
- -> Can rupture

Question 11

Ischemic heart disease

Answer 11

An imbalance between the supply of oxygen and the myocardial demand resulting in myocardial ischaemia

Question 12

List: Ischemic heart disease: manifestations

Answer 12

1) Asymptomatic
2) Stable angina pectoris
3) Myocardial infarction
4) Arrhythmia
5) Heart Failure
6) Sudden death

Question 13

Acute Myocardial infarction: Diagnosis: 3 things

Answer 13

1) Typical chest pain
2) Myocardial enzyme elevation: Creatine kinase (CK-MB), Troponin
3) Electrocardiographic changes

Question 14

Acute Myocardial Infarction: Medical treatment

Answer 14

1) Rest, oxygen, analgesia, aspirin
2) Thrombolysis
3) Primary angioplasty
4) Beta-Blockers
5) ACE inhibitors

Question 15

Which medical treatment help with:

1) Platelet adhesion
2) t-PA(tissue plaminogen activator)
3) Plasminogen -> plasmin

Answer 15

1) Rest, oxygen, anaglesia, aspirin
2) Thrombolysis
3) Primary angioplasty

Question 16

Characteristics of Heart Failure

1) Cardiac output is?
2) Causes
3) Digitalis?
4) Diuretics
5) Nitroglycerin is a ?

Answer 16

1) Inadequate
2) heart disease, hypertension, electrolyte imbalance
3) Increases contractility of heart muscle
4) Lower blood volume
5) Vasodilator

Question 17

Another term for Precutaneous Coronary Intervention

Answer 17

Angioplasty

Question 18

Variation in Blood pressure

Answer 18

cycles over a 24-hour period

Question 19

Variations in Blood pressure

Extrinsic factors

Answer 19

1) Age
2) Sex
3) Weight
4) Race
5) Mood
6) Posture
7) Socioeconomic status
8) Physical activity

Question 20

Alterations in Blood pressure

1) Hypertension
2) Hypotension

Answer 20

1) Sustained, elevated arterial pressure of 140/90 or higher
2) Low Bp in which systolic pressure is below 100mm Hg