RESPIRATORY 14 Flashcards
What kind of disorders and disease affect the respiratory system?
Complex
Respiratory?
Unique functions
1) Autonomic physiological function
2) Many behaviors and animals anatomies are build to optimize breathing
Respiratory system
List 4 essential parts
1) Respiratory muscles
2) Lung enclosure and pleura
3) Airways
4) Alveoli
Define Cellular respiration
Intracellular reaction of oxygen with organic molecules to produce CO2 water and energy in form of ATP
Define external respiration
Interchange of gases between environment and the body’s cell
Functions of the respiratory system:
1) Gas exchange between air and cell
2) Regulation
3) Defence from inhaled pathogens/foreign
4) Vocalization
1) The airways include:
Pharynx, mouth and nasal cavity
2) List 4 airways functions:
1) Warm air to 37 degrees
2) Humidify air to 100%
3) Filter particles (through nose and respiratory cilia
4) Vocalization
Endotracheal
Endotracheal means through the trachea. It is a term that described a breathing tube is inserted through the windpipe
Clinical focus: Endotracheal tube in mechanically-ventilated patients
1) When artificially ventilated?
2) Consequences
3) Solution
1) The upper airways are bypassed and air is cold and dry
2) Lower airways losing heat and water and secretions would thicken
- Secretions (mucus) may accumulate and block airways
3) Heated tube and 100% humidity in inspired gas
Name conducting airways
1) Cartilage to maintain shape
2) Bronchiolar muscles
What controls filtering action in the airways?
Cilia which moved mucus to the pharynx
What is Fibrosis and how is it caused?
The thickening and scarring of connective tissue, usually as a result of injury
Clinical focus: Cystic fibrosis
1) Definition?
A genetic disease that causes thick, sticky mucus to build up in the lungs and digestive tract
2) Symptoms:
1) Delayed growth in newborns, failure to gain weight
2) No bowel movements in the first 2 days after birth
3) Salty tasting skin
4) Coughing and increased mucus in lungs
5) Nasal congestion
6) Pneumonia
3) Major pathological features
1) Defective chloride ion transport across epithelial cell membrane
2) Lower chloride and sodium levels into the airways lumen which reduce water secretion in the airways
4) Mechanisms:
Defective cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) protein caused by a genetically mutated gene
Name three regions for gas exchange
1) Respiratory bronchioles
2) Alveolar ducts
3) Alveolar sac
Alveoli sac
The site of gas exchange
Alveolar cells:
1) Type I alveolar cells
2) Type II alveolar cells
3) Alveolar macrophage
1) Gas exchanger
2) Synthesize and secrete surfactant
3) Remove foreign particles
Gas exchange in the alveolar
Passive diffusion
What is surface tension?
Molecules of water are attracted together by hydrogen bonds
What is the difference
1) Alveoli without surfactant
2) Alveoli with surfactant
1) Surface tension pulls molecules inward
20 Surfactant compensated for surface tension
Clinical focus: Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)
Definiton?
Symptoms?
IRDS is a syndrome in premature infants caused bu developmental insufficiency to surfactant production and structural immaturity of the lungs
2) Symptoms:
1) Cyanosis
2) Grunting and nasal flaring
3) Apnea, rapid breathing, shallow breathing, and shortness of breath and grunting
3) Major pathological features
Surfactant deficient lung characterized by collapsed air-spaces alternating with hyper-expanded areas
Causes
1) Genetic problem with the production of surfactant associated proteins
2) IRDS affects about 1% of newborn infants and is the leading cause of death in preterm infants
Treatments
1) Oxygen is given with small continuous position airway pressure
2) Artificial or natural surfactants is administered through the endotracheal tube
