RESPIRATORY 14

Question 1

What kind of disorders and disease affect the respiratory system?

Answer 1

Complex

Question 2

Respiratory?

Unique functions

Answer 2

1) Autonomic physiological function

2) Many behaviors and animals anatomies are build to optimize breathing

Question 3

Respiratory system

List 4 essential parts

Answer 3

1) Respiratory muscles
2) Lung enclosure and pleura
3) Airways
4) Alveoli

Question 4

Define Cellular respiration

Answer 4

Intracellular reaction of oxygen with organic molecules to produce CO2 water and energy in form of ATP

Question 5

Define external respiration

Answer 5

Interchange of gases between environment and the body’s cell

Question 6

Functions of the respiratory system:

Answer 6

1) Gas exchange between air and cell
2) Regulation
3) Defence from inhaled pathogens/foreign
4) Vocalization

Question 7

1) The airways include:

Answer 7

Pharynx, mouth and nasal cavity

Question 8

2) List 4 airways functions:

Answer 8

1) Warm air to 37 degrees
2) Humidify air to 100%
3) Filter particles (through nose and respiratory cilia
4) Vocalization

Question 9

Endotracheal

Answer 9

Endotracheal means through the trachea. It is a term that described a breathing tube is inserted through the windpipe

Question 10

Clinical focus: Endotracheal tube in mechanically-ventilated patients

1) When artificially ventilated?
2) Consequences
3) Solution

Answer 10

1) The upper airways are bypassed and air is cold and dry
2) Lower airways losing heat and water and secretions would thicken
- Secretions (mucus) may accumulate and block airways
3) Heated tube and 100% humidity in inspired gas

Question 11

Name conducting airways

Answer 11

1) Cartilage to maintain shape

2) Bronchiolar muscles

Question 12

What controls filtering action in the airways?

Answer 12

Cilia which moved mucus to the pharynx

Question 13

What is Fibrosis and how is it caused?

Answer 13

The thickening and scarring of connective tissue, usually as a result of injury

Question 14

Clinical focus: Cystic fibrosis

1) Definition?

Answer 14

A genetic disease that causes thick, sticky mucus to build up in the lungs and digestive tract

Question 15

2) Symptoms:

Answer 15

1) Delayed growth in newborns, failure to gain weight
2) No bowel movements in the first 2 days after birth
3) Salty tasting skin
4) Coughing and increased mucus in lungs
5) Nasal congestion
6) Pneumonia

Question 16

3) Major pathological features

Answer 16

1) Defective chloride ion transport across epithelial cell membrane
2) Lower chloride and sodium levels into the airways lumen which reduce water secretion in the airways

Question 17

4) Mechanisms:

Answer 17

Defective cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) protein caused by a genetically mutated gene

Question 18

Name three regions for gas exchange

Answer 18

1) Respiratory bronchioles
2) Alveolar ducts
3) Alveolar sac

Question 19

Alveoli sac

Answer 19

The site of gas exchange

Question 20

Alveolar cells:

1) Type I alveolar cells
2) Type II alveolar cells
3) Alveolar macrophage

Answer 20

1) Gas exchanger
2) Synthesize and secrete surfactant
3) Remove foreign particles

Question 21

Gas exchange in the alveolar

Answer 21

Passive diffusion

Question 22

What is surface tension?

Answer 22

Molecules of water are attracted together by hydrogen bonds

Question 23

What is the difference

1) Alveoli without surfactant
2) Alveoli with surfactant

Answer 23

1) Surface tension pulls molecules inward

20 Surfactant compensated for surface tension

Question 24

Clinical focus: Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)
Definiton?
Symptoms?

Answer 24

IRDS is a syndrome in premature infants caused bu developmental insufficiency to surfactant production and structural immaturity of the lungs

Question 25

2) Symptoms:

Answer 25

1) Cyanosis
2) Grunting and nasal flaring
3) Apnea, rapid breathing, shallow breathing, and shortness of breath and grunting

Question 26

3) Major pathological features

Answer 26

Surfactant deficient lung characterized by collapsed air-spaces alternating with hyper-expanded areas

Question 27

Causes

Answer 27

1) Genetic problem with the production of surfactant associated proteins
2) IRDS affects about 1% of newborn infants and is the leading cause of death in preterm infants

Question 28

Treatments

Answer 28

1) Oxygen is given with small continuous position airway pressure
2) Artificial or natural surfactants is administered through the endotracheal tube