BLOOD 4

Question 1

T cell activation: 2 steps?

Answer 1

1) Cell binds to T lymphocyte

2) Signal transduction activates T lymphocyte

Question 2

Key types of T cells:

1) CD4
2) CD8

Answer 2

1) Helper T cells, bind MHC class II & antigen, Release cytokines and activate T & B cells
2) Cytotoxic T cells, Bind MHC class I & antigen kill infected, cancerous cells

Question 3

1) MHC class II

Answer 3

a) Located on dendritic cells, macrophages and B cells
b) Present exogenous antigen
c) Activate helper T cells

Question 4

Dendritic cell:

Answer 4

1) Antigenic fragments are displayed by class II MHC proteins on cell membrane
2) Antigenic fragments are bound to class II MHC proteins
2) Endoplasmic reticulum produces Class II MHC proteins

Question 5

Recall activation of B cells:

Activation of helper T cell

Answer 5

1) MHC class II represented on B cells to T cell receptors

2) Activation of helper T cells: Cytokines will stimulate - Helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and B cells

Question 6

2) MHC class I

Answer 6

1) Located on nucleated cells
2) Present endogenous antigen
3) Activate cytotoxic T cells
- Kill cells that present antigens on their surface/infected cell

Question 7

Activation of cytotoxic T cells requires 2 signals?

1) Which cells do they bind to?
2) Release of 3 things:

Answer 7

1) Antigen binding and co-stimulation

2) Lymphotoxin release cytokine release and perforin

Question 8

Name 2 cytokines released?

Answer 8

IL-2 and IFN-y

Question 9

Roles:

1) Lympotoxin release
2) Cytokine release
3) Perforin release

Answer 9

1) Disruption of cell metabolism
2) Stimulation of apoptosis
3) Destruction of cell membrane

Question 10

Antigen to immune response:

1) Infectious agent
2) Innocuous substance
3) Grafted organ, unmatched blood
4) Self organ
5) Tumor

Answer 10

1) Protective Immunity to Recurrent infection
2) Allergy
3) Rejection
4) Autoimmunity
5) Tumor immunity to Cancer

Question 11

ABO blood groups:
From least common to most common:
Rh blood group: most common ethnicity
a) European 
b) Asians, Africans, N.Americans

Answer 11

Type AB, Type B, Type A, Type 0

a) Mainly Rh (+) = 85%
b) Mainly RH (+) = 99%

Question 12

Why is your blood type important?

Answer 12

1) Cross-reactions occur during blood
2) Transfusions if antigens on donor RBC meet
3) Antibodies in recipients plasma

Question 13

Aggulination vs No aggulination: which antibodies are present in the following

1) Blood type O
2) Blood type A
3) Blood type B
4) Bloos type AB

Answer 13

1) Anti-A or Anti-B
2) Anti-B
3) Anti-A
4) None

Question 14

What is the connection between Rh factor (D antigen) and pregnancy? (how this different from ABO blood group)
How do anti-D antibodies develop.

Answer 14

Unlike the ABO blood group, Rh individuals do not normally have anti-D bodies

1) Transfusion of Rh individual with R+ (D antigen) blood
2) Pregnancy Rh- mother and Rh+ baby

Question 15

Rh antigen and pregnancy leads to?

Four types:

Answer 15

Hemolytic disease of newborn

1) Anemia
2) Jaundice
3) Enlarged liver and spleen
4) Severe edema

Question 16

What does Rh+ mean?

Answer 16

Red blood cells have the D antigen

Question 17

How do doctors prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn?

Answer 17

1) Inject anti D antigen antibodies into Rh- mother during and following her pregnancy
2) The antibodies bind to and remove fetal RBCs in mother’s bloodstream before they can trigger an immune response in the mother
3) Thus, B cells are not activated in the mother and no immunological memory of the D antigen is acquired
4) Therefore in a subsequent pregnancy with an Rh+ fetus. the mother does not produce anti-D antigen antibodies upon exposure to fetal Red blood cells with D antigen

Question 18

Specific immunity: Cell-mediated immunity

Answer 18

1) Activation of T cells
2) Production of memory T cells and cytotoxic T cells
3) Maturation and migration of cytotoxic T cells

Question 19

Specific immunity: Antibody-mediated immunity

Answer 19

1) Activated of B cells
2) Production of memory B cells and plasma cells
3) Maturation plasma cells and production of antibodies

Question 20

Main functions:

1) Cell-mediated Immunity
2) Antibody-mediated immunity

Answer 20

1) Direct physical and chemical attack

2) Attack by circulating proteins

Question 21

Non-specific defenses:

1) Cell-mediated Immunity
2) Antibody-mediated immunity

Answer 21

1) NK cells macrophages

2) Complement system

Question 22

Difference between helper T cell and suppressor T cells?

Answer 22

Helper T cells: stimulate

Suppressor T cells: Inhibit