CARDIOVASCULAR 10

Question 1

Blood vessel anatomy: three layers

Answer 1

Tnuca Intima
Tunia media
Tunica extrerna

Question 2

1) Tunica intima
2) Tunia media
3) Tunica externa

Answer 2

1) Endothelium
2) Smooth muscle, controlled by sympathetic nervous system
3) Most fibrous connnective tissue

Question 3

Windkessel effect?
Steps:
Elastic walls?

Answer 3

Elastic arteries expand and store energy during ventricular ejection
1) Ventricle contracts
2) Semilunar valve opens
3) Aorta and arteries expand and store pressure in elastic walls
Create PE in the Walls

Question 4

Elastic recoil of arteries?

Steps:

Answer 4

Keep blood moving during ventricular relaxation

1) Isovolumic ventricular relaxation
2) Semilunar valve shuts, preventing flow back into ventricle
3) Elastic recoil of arteries send blood forward into rest of circulatory system

Question 5

Systolic pressure ?
Diastolic pressure?
Pulse pressure ?

Answer 5

Maximum pressure
Minimum pressure
Max-Min

Question 6

Major blood vessels: thickest to thinest

Answer 6

Artery, Arteriole, capillary, Venule, veins

Question 7

Most fibrous tissue, smooth muscle , elastic tissue & endothelium to least

Answer 7

Artery, Vein, arteriole, venule and capillary

Question 8

The veins

1) Venules
2) Contents:
3) Carry ?% of the body’s blood
4) During hemorrhage?

Answer 8

1) Drain blood from the capillaries
2) Less smooth muscle and connective tissue than arteries + valves (prevent backflow of blood)
3) 70%
4) Act as a reservoir

Question 9

Anatomy of the Capillary bed

1) Capillaries?
2) Consists of two types of vessels?

Answer 9

1) Capillaries have walls only one cell thick

2) Vasuclar shunt and true capillaries

Question 10

1) Vascular shunt

2) True capillaries

Answer 10

1) Directly connect an arteriole to venule: metarteriole

2) Exchange vessels: O2 and nutrients cross to cell and CO2 and metabolic waste products cross into blood

Question 11

What determines flow?

Answer 11

Directly proportional to the pressure gradient

Inversely proportional to the resistance to flow

Question 12

Fluid flow through a tube depends ?
The higher the pressure gradient ?
Fluid flows only if there is?

Answer 12

Pressure gradient
The greater the fluid flow
Positive pressure gradient

Question 13

Flow depends on the pressure gradient not?

Answer 13

Absolute pressure

Question 14

Blood pressure gradient in blood vessels

1) Greatest?
2) Ventricles?

Answer 14

1) In the aorta

2) The wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the right ventricle

Question 15

What creates pressure needed for blood flow?

Answer 15

The heart is a simple pump: with a cardiac contraction: most arterial blood is pumped by the heart

Question 16

Resistance of a vessel can affect flow?

Answer 16

If resistances increases, flow decreases

Question 17

Poiseuille’s Law

1) Length
2) Viscosity
3) Tube radius to the 4th power

Answer 17

1) Resistance increases as length increases
2) Resistance increases as viscosity increases
3) Resistance decreases as radius increases

Question 18

Vessel radius changes?

Answer 18

As the radius of a tube decreases, the resistance to flow increases

Question 19

Velocity of blood flow

Answer 19

Velocity of flow depends on total cross-sectional area of all the vessels

Question 20

Resistance: blood vessels
Small change in radius
1) Vasoconstriction
2) Vasodilation

Answer 20

Enormous effect on resistance to blood flow

1) A decrease in blood vessel diameter/radius and decreases blood flow
2) An increase in blood vessel diameter/radius and increases blood flow

Question 21

Factors that alter arteriolar resistance

Answer 21

1) Myogenic “autoregulation”
2) Paracrines (local): active and reactive hyperemia
3) Sympatheic control: SNS; norepinephrine, adrenal medulla: eprineprine

Question 22

1) Effect on blood flow Active-Hyperemia: Locally Mediated?
2) Effect on tissue metabolism
3) Release of metabolic vasodilators into ECF?
4) Vasodilators?
5) Arterioles?
6) Resistance?
7) Nutrient supply?

Answer 22

1) Increases blood flow
2) Increases
3) Increase
4) Adenosine, low O2, high 5) CO2 acidic
dilate
6) Decrease
7) Increases

Question 23

Reactive Hyperemia: Locally Mediated Increase in Blood flow caused by?

1) Tissue blood flow?
2) Metabolic vasodilators?
3) Arterioles?
4) Resistance?
5) As vasodilators wash away, arterioles ?

Answer 23

Physical Blockage (occlusion)

1) Decreases
2) Accumulate in ECF
3) Dilate
4) Decreases
5) Constrict

Question 24

Sympathetic regulation

1) Release of ?
2) Autonomic control of arteriolar diameter?

Answer 24

1) Norepinephrine

20 Arteriolar diameter

Question 25

GPCRs promote?

Answer 25

Calcium-mediated smooth muscle cell contraction without excitation-contraction coupling

Question 26

Norepinephrine binds

Answer 26

alpha-adrenergic receptors

Question 27

Calcium oscillations?

Answer 27

Control smooth muscle cell contractions.

Question 28

Arteriolar diameter

Answer 28

Affects flow between venous and artery bags

Question 29

Flexible filaments allow for?

Answer 29

Large Changes in length during contraction