Respiratory

Question 1

respiratory function

Answer 1

facilitate gas exchange

Question 2

2 zones of respiratory system

Answer 2

conducting and respiratory

Question 3

conducting zone

Answer 3

transport air from external environment into respiratory zone

Question 4

respiratory zone

Answer 4

location of gas exchange b/w lungs and bloodstream

Question 5

conducting zone components

Answer 5

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

Question 6

respiratory zone components

Answer 6

respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

Question 7

where does the transition b/w conducting and respiratory zone occur

Answer 7

the first alveolar outpouching (thin layer in histo slide)

Question 8

alveoli

Answer 8

site of gas exchange

Question 9

inhalation

Answer 9

active process
-expands volume of lungs
-involved thoracic cage, intercostal muscles, and diaphragm

Question 10

what kind of fibers are store energy when stretched

Answer 10

elastic fiber store potential energy

Question 11

relationship between volume and pressure

Answer 11

inversely

Question 12

how does gas move in lungs

Answer 12

moves from areas of high pressure to low pressure

Question 13

exhalation

Answer 13

passive process
-air gets pushed out by forces of recoil

Question 14

ventilation

Answer 14

exhalation + inhalation

Question 15

how is ventilation regulated

Answer 15

by chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, irritant receptors, nuclei in pons and medulla

Question 16

nares

Answer 16

where air enters in the nose

Question 17

conchae

Answer 17

where air enters after the nares
-provide resistance to slow air down, to wet it and humidify it
-pseudostratified epi

Question 18

superior concha houses what

Answer 18

olfactory epithelium

Question 19

goblet cells

Answer 19

produce mucus to trap debris and toxins

Question 20

cilia

Answer 20

move particles to places where they can be disposed

Question 21

metaplasia

Answer 21

initial change from normal cells to a different cell type
-columnar to squamous metaplasia
-caused by smoking
-potentially reversible if acute

Question 22

what is cilia driven by

Answer 22

dynein

Question 23

Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (Kartagener’s)

Answer 23

-ciliary microtubules lack dynein
-cilia cant clear mucus in respiratory
-causes bronchitis and sinusitis
-sterility in men

Question 24

mucus composition

Answer 24

-water and ion balance
-needs to be thick enough to trap particles
-needs to be thin enough for cilia to propel it along

Question 25

cystic fibrosis

Answer 25

makes mucus more viscous -mutation in CFTR -defective Cl- channel -more Na+ ions flow into cell causing water to go into cell -causes dehydrated viscuous mucus

Question 26

olfactory epithelium

Answer 26

fibers from CN 1, olfactory nerve, extends from receptor neurons to contact olfactory bulb

Question 27

odorants

Answer 27

chemicals that interact with olfactory cilia that extend from the dendritic processes of cell body

Question 28

Bowman's glands

Answer 28

glands that produce serous secretions to help odorants bind to cilia

Question 29

pharynx components

Answer 29

nasopharynx and oropharynx

Question 30

nasopharynx epithelium

Answer 30

psuedostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells

Question 31

oropharynx epith

Answer 31

stratified squamous epi

Question 32

larynx

Answer 32

cartilaginous structure held together by ligaments and CT

Question 33

larynx function

Answer 33

-continues path of air in and out of lungs -protects lower airway from food (epiglottis) -making sounds

Question 34

vocal folds

Answer 34

true and false vocal folds

Question 35

true vocal folds

Answer 35

vibrations of these make sounds -stratified squamous epithelium

Question 36

false vocal folds

Answer 36

includes glands that lubricate strictures in the area -typical respiratory epithelium

Question 37

when breathing in, vocal chords

Answer 37

are seperated

Question 38

during phonation, vocal cords ...

Answer 38

are close together and their vibrations produce sound

Question 39

what type of cartilage does trachea have

Answer 39

c-shaped hyaline cartilage -cartilage keeps the airway open

Question 40

what is trachea cartilage c-shaped

Answer 40

b/c food traveling down esophagus needs spatial flexibility

Question 41

bronchial branching

Answer 41

progressive decrease in the diameter of channels and increase in their # of cross-sectional area -SA is greatest when respiratory zone is reached

Question 42

what does trachea branch into

Answer 42

right and left bronchi

Question 43

lung hilum

Answer 43

where the bronchi become surrounded by lung tissue

Question 44

bronchus characteristics

Answer 44

-irregular cartilage -pseudostratified epi with goblet cells -lamina propria -smooth muscle

Question 45

what spirals around bronchi and bronchioles

Answer 45

smooth muscle (bronchodilation and constriction)

Question 46

brochioles

Answer 46

-no cartilage/glands -epi changes from pseudo to ciliated columnar to simple cuboidal -goblet cells replaced with clara cells

Question 47

terminal bronchus

Answer 47

final structure of conducting zone -last bronchioles with no alveoli

Question 48

respiratory bronchioles

Answer 48

-simple cuboidal epi

Question 49

alveolar ducts

Answer 49

respiratory bronchioles with continuous alveolar ducts -aisles that numerous alveoli open into -lead to alveolar sacs

Question 50

alveolar sacs

Answer 50

spaces extending off alveolar ducts that numerous alveoli open into

Question 51

alveolar structure

Answer 51

thin-walled structures build for efficient gas exchange -walls with elastic fibers -surrounded by capillaries -pores of kohn for communication

Question 52

Type I cell

Answer 52

simple squamous, gas exchange

Question 53

Type II cell

Answer 53

synthesize and secrete surfactant, embedded in cell lining

Question 54

alveolar diffusion barrier

Answer 54

-Type I cells -capillary endothelium -shared basement membrane

Question 55

Type II surfactant

Answer 55

reduces surface tension in alveoli, ensuring walls wont stick together

Question 56

emphysema

Answer 56

breakdown of elastic fibers in alveoli and bronchioles causes alveoli to form blebs -causes airway collapse, hypoxemia, and hypercapnia