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D1 Fall > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

respiratory function

A

facilitate gas exchange

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2
Q

2 zones of respiratory system

A

conducting and respiratory

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3
Q

conducting zone

A

transport air from external environment into respiratory zone

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4
Q

respiratory zone

A

location of gas exchange b/w lungs and bloodstream

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5
Q

conducting zone components

A

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

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6
Q

respiratory zone components

A

respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

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7
Q

where does the transition b/w conducting and respiratory zone occur

A

the first alveolar outpouching (thin layer in histo slide)

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8
Q

alveoli

A

site of gas exchange

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9
Q

inhalation

A

active process
-expands volume of lungs
-involved thoracic cage, intercostal muscles, and diaphragm

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10
Q

what kind of fibers are store energy when stretched

A

elastic fiber store potential energy

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11
Q

relationship between volume and pressure

A

inversely

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12
Q

how does gas move in lungs

A

moves from areas of high pressure to low pressure

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13
Q

exhalation

A

passive process
-air gets pushed out by forces of recoil

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14
Q

ventilation

A

exhalation + inhalation

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15
Q

how is ventilation regulated

A

by chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, irritant receptors, nuclei in pons and medulla

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16
Q

nares

A

where air enters in the nose

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17
Q

conchae

A

where air enters after the nares
-provide resistance to slow air down, to wet it and humidify it
-pseudostratified epi

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18
Q

superior concha houses what

A

olfactory epithelium

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19
Q

goblet cells

A

produce mucus to trap debris and toxins

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20
Q

cilia

A

move particles to places where they can be disposed

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21
Q

metaplasia

A

initial change from normal cells to a different cell type
-columnar to squamous metaplasia
-caused by smoking
-potentially reversible if acute

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22
Q

what is cilia driven by

A

dynein

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23
Q

Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (Kartagener’s)

A

-ciliary microtubules lack dynein
-cilia cant clear mucus in respiratory
-causes bronchitis and sinusitis
-sterility in men

24
Q

mucus composition

A

-water and ion balance
-needs to be thick enough to trap particles
-needs to be thin enough for cilia to propel it along

25
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

makes mucus more viscous
-mutation in CFTR
-defective Cl- channel
-more Na+ ions flow into cell causing water to go into cell
-causes dehydrated viscuous mucus

26
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

fibers from CN 1, olfactory nerve, extends from receptor neurons to contact olfactory bulb

27
Q

odorants

A

chemicals that interact with olfactory cilia that extend from the dendritic processes of cell body

28
Q

Bowman’s glands

A

glands that produce serous secretions to help odorants bind to cilia

29
Q

pharynx components

A

nasopharynx and oropharynx

30
Q

nasopharynx epithelium

A

psuedostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells

31
Q

oropharynx epith

A

stratified squamous epi

32
Q

larynx

A

cartilaginous structure held together by ligaments and CT

33
Q

larynx function

A

-continues path of air in and out of lungs
-protects lower airway from food (epiglottis)
-making sounds

34
Q

vocal folds

A

true and false vocal folds

35
Q

true vocal folds

A

vibrations of these make sounds
-stratified squamous epithelium

36
Q

false vocal folds

A

includes glands that lubricate strictures in the area
-typical respiratory epithelium

37
Q

when breathing in, vocal chords

A

are seperated

38
Q

during phonation, vocal cords …

A

are close together and their vibrations produce sound

39
Q

what type of cartilage does trachea have

A

c-shaped hyaline cartilage
-cartilage keeps the airway open

40
Q

what is trachea cartilage c-shaped

A

b/c food traveling down esophagus needs spatial flexibility

41
Q

bronchial branching

A

progressive decrease in the diameter of channels and increase in their # of cross-sectional area
-SA is greatest when respiratory zone is reached

42
Q

what does trachea branch into

A

right and left bronchi

43
Q

lung hilum

A

where the bronchi become surrounded by lung tissue

44
Q

bronchus characteristics

A

-irregular cartilage
-pseudostratified epi with goblet cells
-lamina propria
-smooth muscle

45
Q

what spirals around bronchi and bronchioles

A

smooth muscle (bronchodilation and constriction)

46
Q

brochioles

A

-no cartilage/glands
-epi changes from pseudo to ciliated columnar to simple cuboidal
-goblet cells replaced with clara cells

47
Q

terminal bronchus

A

final structure of conducting zone
-last bronchioles with no alveoli

48
Q

respiratory bronchioles

A

-simple cuboidal epi

49
Q

alveolar ducts

A

respiratory bronchioles with continuous alveolar ducts
-aisles that numerous alveoli open into
-lead to alveolar sacs

50
Q

alveolar sacs

A

spaces extending off alveolar ducts that numerous alveoli open into

51
Q

alveolar structure

A

thin-walled structures build for efficient gas exchange
-walls with elastic fibers
-surrounded by capillaries
-pores of kohn for communication

52
Q

Type I cell

A

simple squamous, gas exchange

53
Q

Type II cell

A

synthesize and secrete surfactant, embedded in cell lining

54
Q

alveolar diffusion barrier

A

-Type I cells
-capillary endothelium
-shared basement membrane

55
Q

Type II surfactant

A

reduces surface tension in alveoli, ensuring walls wont stick together

56
Q

emphysema

A

breakdown of elastic fibers in alveoli and bronchioles causes alveoli to form blebs
-causes airway collapse, hypoxemia, and hypercapnia

D1 Fall (14 decks)

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