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D1 Fall > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What are tissues?

A

Cells that carry out the same general function and are grouped together

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2
Q

What are the four basic tissues?

A

Epithelia, connective tissue, muscle, and nerve

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3
Q

What is the function of epithelia?

A

To cover and line surfaces (ex. lumen)

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4
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A

To package, support, and connect

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5
Q

What is the function of muscle tissue?

A

Contractility (ex. change size of lumen for smooth muscle)

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6
Q

What are the types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

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7
Q

What is the function of nerve tissue?

A

irritability and conduction

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8
Q

Definition of Resolution

A

Ability to see two side-by-side dots as separate entities

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9
Q

What is the resolution of the unaided human eye?

A

~0.2mm

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10
Q

Why stain tissue?

A

To enhance contrast in cell and be able to identify structures

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11
Q

What are tissue components that stain with basic dyes called?

A

Basophillic

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12
Q

What are tissue components that stain with acidic dyes called?

A

Acidophilic

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13
Q

What are examples of basic dyes?

A

Toluidine blue, methylene blue, and hematoxylin

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14
Q

What are examples of acidic dyes?

A

Eosin and fuchsin

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15
Q

Are DNA and RNA acidic or basic?

A

Acidic

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16
Q

In general, what can you see in a LM section?

A

Only cell, nucleus, and nucleolus / cannot see organelles

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17
Q

In Trichrome stain, _______ always stains blue/green.

A

Connective Tissue

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18
Q

What chemicals make up a Golgi stain?

A

Potassium dichromate and silver nitrate

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19
Q

What does Sudan Black stain?

A

Lipids (aka adipocytes)

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20
Q

What does periodic acid schiff (PAS) reaction stain magenta?

A

Carbohydrates (glycoproteins, goblet cells, etc. )

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21
Q

What color does hematoxylin stain?

A

Blue

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22
Q

What color does eosin stain?

A

Pink

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23
Q

Is the mitochondria acidic or basic?

A

Basic

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24
Q

What is a parenchyma?

A

Functional tissue of an organ

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25
Q

What is the use of fluorescent immunochemistry?

A

to identify proteins in cell and tissues

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26
Q

What is an epitope?

A

Area recognized by the antibody

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27
Q

What are the steps of Fluorescent Immunochemistry?

A

1) Identify cell with target antigen
2) Incubate tissue with primary antibody that binds to epitope
3) Incubate with secondary antibody that binds to primary antibody with a fluorescent tag
4) See under microscope

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28
Q

This dye is responsible for staining carbohydrates is…

A

Periodic Acid Schiff Reaction

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29
Q

Concept of plane of section

A

Where you cuts affects what you see

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30
Q

What is a transmission electron microscope?

A

Electron beam passed through very thin section of tissue

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31
Q

Dark areas in a TEM are called….

A

Electron dense

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32
Q

Light areas in a TEM are called…

A

Electron Lucent

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33
Q

What is a scanning electron microscope (SEM)?

A

Electron microscope that shows the 3D surface of a cell (more depth than TEM)

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34
Q

Electron microscopy uses what dye?

A

Osmium tetroxide

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35
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

Archive of the cells that produces informational molecules

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36
Q

Differentiate between euchromatin and heterochromatin

A

Euchromatin is light part and active DNA
Heterochromatin is dark part and inactive DNA

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37
Q

Which type fo DNA is transcribed into mRNA?

A

Euchromatin

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38
Q

What type of cisterna separates the inner nuclear envelope from the other nuclear envelope that bears ribosomes?

A

Perinuclear cisterna

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39
Q

What helps support the nucleus and aids in maintaining its shape?

A

LAMINS

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40
Q

What are lamins?

A

Support structures of intermediate filaments that “coat” the inner surface of the nucelar membrane and where chromosomes attach (nuclear lamina)

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41
Q

How does DNA fit in a nucleus?

A

DNA wraps around histones to fit in a helical coil of nucleosomes

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42
Q

DNA coiled around a histone is called a ________

A

Nucleosome

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43
Q

Characteristics of a nucleolus

A
  • spherical
  • acidic (basophilic)
  • contains proteins and rRNA
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44
Q

What structure allows for transport in/out nucleus

A

nuclear pores

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45
Q

Nuclear pores require what type of transport for molecules over 9nm?

A

ACTIVE

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46
Q

Nuclear pores are made of…

A

proteins

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47
Q

Macromolecules transport across NPCs through a ____ pore

A

Aqueous

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48
Q

Nuclear localization signal on proteins is recognized by…

A

Nuclear import receptor (NIR)

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49
Q

How does cargo protein move through the nuclear pores?

A
  • Nuclear import receptors (NIR) binds to nuclear localization signals (NRS) and to fibrils of the NPC
  • Cargo moves through the pore by binding and dissociating again to proteins that line nuclear pore
  • Inside nucleus NIR dissociates from cargo and returns to cytosol
50
Q

Cisternae Defintion

A

A fluid-containing sac or cavity bounded by membrane (in ER and Golgi)

51
Q

Lamellar Definition

A

Sheets stacks adjacent to each other with fluid or matrix in between

52
Q

Cristae vs. Cisternae

A

Cristae are foldings of the inner mitochondrial membrane, while Cisternae are flattened structures of ER and Golgi

53
Q

Lamellar and cristae serve what purpose in the mitochondria

A

Increase surface area

54
Q

Which membranes of the mitochondria are restrictive versus permeable?

A

Outer membrane is permeable
Inner membrane is very restrictive

55
Q

Mitochondria are located where in the cell?

A

Where energy requirements are high in the cell

56
Q

Mitochondria undergo _____.

A

Fission

57
Q

What percent of mitochondria uses its own DNA for proteins?

A

20% –> believed to be derived from bacteria

58
Q

Is DNA synthesized in the mitochondrion independent of nuclear DNA?`

A

mitochondrial DNA is independent of nuclear DNA

59
Q

Both mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum are involved in …

A

uptake, storage, and release of calcium

60
Q

Where are enzymes stores in mitochondria?

A

on membranes of cristae

61
Q

Mitochondria and peroxisome are both involved in…

A

Beta oxidation of long chain fatty acids

62
Q

Which two structures in cell are involved in beta oxidation of long chain fatty acids?

A

mitochondria and peroxisome

63
Q

What are functions of the mitcochondria?

A
  • energy production (chemical energy to ATP)
  • beta oxidation of long chain fatty acids
  • uptake, storage, and release of calcium
  • steroid hormone synthesis (side chain cleavage)
64
Q

More cristae means more…

A

more surface area for energy production –> needed in cells that require large amounts of energy

65
Q

All steroids are derived from…

A

cholesterol

66
Q

1st step of steroid hormone synthesis is…

A

Side chain cleavage of cholesterol which happens in mitchondria

67
Q

What enzyme is involved in side chain cleavage on the inner mitochondrial membrane?

A

Desmolase

68
Q

What is the role of calcium granules in the mitochondria?

A

help regulate function (ATP production)

69
Q

Side chain cleavage ends with what molecule?

A

Pregnenolone

70
Q

What is pregnenolone?

A

precursor to certain steroids (progesterone, aldosterone, testosterone, etc.)

71
Q

Which organelle synthesizes steroid hormone after side chain cleavage?

A

Smooth ER

72
Q

Ribosomes are the site of…

A

protein synthesis

73
Q

Which part of the mitochondria is responsible for TCA cycle?

A

Matrix

74
Q

What is the purpose of the calcium granule?

A

to increase ATP production

75
Q

Where is the side of side chain cleavage?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

76
Q

RER is continuous with what two structures?

A

Nuclear envelope and SER

77
Q

RER is full of …

A

ribosomes that connect with perinuclear cisternae

78
Q

RER stains what color?

A

Blue

RER stain intensely with basophilic dyes such as hematoxylin because it is acidic

79
Q

What are polyribosomes and where are they found?

A

ribosomes associated with mRNA, which occur in cytosol or RER membranes

80
Q

What are the functions of the RER?

A

Protein synthesis

81
Q

Constitutive vs regulated secretion definition

A

Constitutive = occurs all the time
Regulated = needs signal to secrete

82
Q

What is the function of secretion granules and where are they located?

A

Storage for proteins and are usually at apex of cell until needed

83
Q

What are the functions of SER?

A
  • Steroid Synthesis
  • uptake and release of calcium in muscle cells (sim to mitochond)
  • synthesis and breakdown of glycogen
  • detoxification of drugs
  • formation of lipoproteins
  • production of bile
84
Q

SER is abundant in which tissues?

A

cardiac and skeletal muscle cells

85
Q

What is the function of the golgi complex?

A

post-translational protein modification (ex. glycosylation, sulfation, etc)

86
Q

In the Golgi complex, proteins and lipids enter in the _____ and exit through the _____

A

enter cis face; exit trans face

87
Q

Which stain do you use to identify cis face of Golgi?

A

osmium reduction

88
Q

Which stain do you use to identify trans face of Golgi?

A

acid phosphatase

89
Q

What happens if a protein does not work?

A

Proteasomes break it down

90
Q

what is the importance of glycosylation?

A

correct folding of protein, protect from degradation, and signaling

91
Q

What are lyosomes?

A

membrane bound organelles that degrade worn out structures in cell

92
Q

Are lysosomes heterogeneous or homogenous in content?

A

heterogeneous

93
Q

What are functions of lysosome?

A

degredation of bacteria, degrading worn out organelles, break down of bone during bone remodeling

94
Q

How are lysosomes formed?

A

1) hydrolytic enzymes are formed in RER
2) enzymes have terminal mannose-6-phophate marker (M6P) added at Cis-Golgi
3) packaged at Trans-Golgi
4) vesicles are now early endosomes –> fuse with other vesicles to form late endosomes/lysosomes

95
Q

Lysosomes contain what type of enzymes?

A

Hydrolytic

96
Q

Lysosome enzymes are only found in what kind of environment?

A

ACIDIC

97
Q

Definition of senescent cell

A

Dying cell

98
Q

Lysosomal membrane contains a ____ which maintains the acidic interior of the organelle

A

proton pump

99
Q

What in the lysosome keeps it from oxidizing its environment?

A

phospholipid bilayer

100
Q

If bone formation decreases, leads to…

A

osteoporosis - bones become weak and brittle

101
Q

if bone formation increases, leads to…

A

osteopetrosis (bones growing abnormally)

102
Q

What is an example of a lysosomal storage disease?

A

Tay Sach’s Disease: fatty substance build up in the brain

103
Q

What are symptoms of Tach Sach’s disease?

A
  • neuromuscular symptoms
  • absence of beta-hexosaminidase enzyme
    slower growth in children
  • bone-joint deformaties
  • enlarged internal organs
104
Q

Proteasomes recognize proteins with what kind of molecules?

A

Ubiquitin

105
Q

What are proteasomes?

A

organelles that deal with proteins as individual molecules and aren’t membrane bound

EDIT: NOT AN ORGANELLE! (complex of proteins)

106
Q

What is ubiquitin?

A

marker of correct folding for proteasome to reognize

107
Q

Are peroxisomes organelles?

A

NO they are MICROBODIES

108
Q

What enzymes do peroxisomes contain?

A

oxidative enzymes and catalase

109
Q

What are functions of peroxisomes?

A

Lipid metabolism (beta oxidation of long chain fatty acids) and degradation of hydrogen peroxide

110
Q

How are peroxisome enzymes made?

A

protein made by RER and goes directly to peroxisome NOT through Golgi

111
Q

What disease results from no beta-oxidation of FA in peroxisomes?

A

Zellweger’s Syndrome

112
Q

What causes Zellweger’s Syndrome?

A

Enzyme made but not importing properly that causes babies to have high levels of low density glycoprotein

113
Q

What are symptoms of Zellweger’s syndrome (Cerebrohepatorenal syndrome)?

A
  • muscle and nerve damage
  • babies are hypotonic (can’t hold themselves up)
  • cause breakdown of myelin –> causes accumulation of toxic sub
  • inability to nurse properly
  • rare, autosomal
114
Q

What are examples of inclusions?

A

Glycogen, lipofusion, lipid droplets

115
Q

Where is glycogen enzymes synthesized?

A

SER

116
Q

What is lipofusion?

A

yellow-brown pigment granules that accumulates with age (found in dying cells)

117
Q

What are lipid droplets?

A

Lipid droplets are energy storage and a source of lipids which may be used in steroid hormone formation (not membrane bound)

118
Q

What is the glycocalyx?

A

a carbohydrate sugar coat that surrounds the entire cells
- appears as fuzz on surface of microvilli

119
Q

why do cells have membrane-bound compartments?

A

to maintain optimal concentration of biomolecules in/out of the compartments, provide a physical barrier, and separate to ensure specific processes can occur functionally

120
Q

What is cytosol and what is in it?

A

fluid present in cell membrane (ions, H2O, proteins, etc.)

D1 Fall (14 decks)

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