Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

D1 Fall > Muscle > Flashcards

Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal Muscle - Function

A

moves skeleton + other structures

Ex. precise eye movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Skeletal Muscle - Embryology

A

Somites

Each somite provides skeletal muscle for different levels of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Skeletal Muscle - Mechanism of Action for functions

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Skeletal Muscle - Potential Diseases

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Skeletal Muscle - Contraction Method

A

Stimulus is initiated within a neuron in spinal cord + impulse is brought down spinal cord w/long nerve fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cardiac Muscle - Function

A

propels blood through the heart and lungs into the aorta (2 paths)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cardiac Muscle - Embryology

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cardiac Muscle - Mechanism of Action for Function

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cardiac Muscle - Potential Diseases

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cardiac Muscle - Contraction Method

A

impulse contraction initiated at SA node of the heart which is then fine-tuned by the vagus nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Smooth Muscle - Function

A

contraction of blood vessels, viscera, intrinsic muscle of eye

(does so by changing the shape + size)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Smooth Muscle - Embryology

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Smooth Muscle - Mechanism of Action for Functions

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Smooth Muscle - Potential Diseases

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Smooth Muscle - Contraction Method

A 
Mechanical Impulses (Passive stretch)
Electrical depolarization ( neural stimulation)
Chemical Stimuli (hormones; 2nd messenger pathways)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Skeletal Muscle - Characteristics

A
  • Cross striations (alternating dark + light bands)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What provides polarity in the embryo?

A

notochord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the dermamyotome comprised of?

A

dorsal dermis (dermatome) + skeletal muscle (myotome)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Skeletal Muscle - cells become elongated by…

A

…fusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why are contractile proteins made in muscle cells but not spleen cells?

A

Contractile proteins genes are transcribed in muscle cells

*the transcription is regulated by transcription factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

define trans-activators

A

proteins expressed during specific stages of development

bind to specific regions of genes

intimate transcription of specific genes

(EX. MyoD in skeletal muscle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does the basic region of MyoD bind to?

A

promoter of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does the Helix-Loop-Helix region of the MyoD bind to?

A

transcription factors (+ or -)

(+) - unregulated transcription
( - ) - inhibits transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does the up-regulation of myogenin de-regulate?

A

Pax7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What do high levels of Pax7 indicate?

A

Proliferation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What do satellite cells always express?

A

Pax7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does a high level of myogenin expression do?

A

upregulates transcription of contractile protein genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the sarcolemma comprised of?

A

plasma membrane + basal lamina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is responsible for myofiber contraction?

A

myofilament interaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Myosin - Functions

A
  • form thick filaments
  • hydrolyze ATP
  • interact with F-actin (receptor located at the head)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Troponin C Function

A

Binds to calcium => intimate contraction process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Troponin T Function

A

Binds complex of tropomyosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Troponin I Function

A

Inhibits binding of myosin to actin

34
Q

Tropomyosin

A

double helix of 2 polypeptides (lies in groove between actin molecules)

35
Q

Titin

A

protein that stabilizes and centers myosin containing thick filaments

*allows certain amount of stretch + prevents tearing

36
Q

Neuromuscular Junction (aka Motor End Plate)

A

Contact between axon and muscle fiber

37
Q

Motor Unit

A

Motor neuron w/axonal branches + muscle cells they contact

38
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

Space left on muscle fiber if axon was removed

39
Q

What happens to acetylcholine after it is released?

A

it binds to receptors on the muscle cell membrane

40
Q

what happens after acetylcholine binds to receptors on the muscle cell membrane?

A

the membrane becomes permeable to sodium ions

41
Q

what happens after the membrane becomes permeable to sodium ions?

A

depolarization of muscle cell membrane

42
Q

what does the depolarization of the muscle cell membrane result in?

A

depolarization (action potential) transmitted throughout the muscle

43
Q

How is the action potential transmitted throughout the muscle

A

T-Tubule system

44
Q

What happens after the action potential is transmitted to the muscle?

A

Acetylcholine is degraded

45
Q

Clinical Significance: Myasthenia Gravis - Cause

A

Patient produces antibodies against AcH receptors; ultimately preventing acetylcholine from binding

46
Q

Clinical Significance: Myasthenia Gravis - Symptoms

A

Patients have weak muscle contractions and droopy eyelids + mouth

47
Q

T-tubule

A

invagination of the plasma membrane

48
Q

Triad Location

A

A-I junction in skeletal muscle

49
Q

Terminal Cisterna

A

Specialized ends of the SR where networks meet

50
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A

repeating network around myofibrils

*extends from one A-I junction to the next A-I junction

51
Q

Neuromuscular Spindle - Function

A
  • allow for coordination

- senses stretch and communicates to CNS

52
Q

Muscle Cell Components in Neuromuscular Spindle

A

Connective Tissue Capsule + Intrafusal Muscle Fibers + Stretch Receptor

53
Q

How is a damaged muscle repaired?

A

Satellite Cells

54
Q

Terminally differentiated cells (definition and example)

A

Defined: cannot divide any further

Ex. myotube satellite cells + cardiac cells

55
Q

What does the force of contraction vary by?

A

Organization of fibers

56
Q

Three basic type of fibers in muscles

A

Type 1, 2A and 2B

57
Q

Contractile Speed

A

determines how fast the fiber can contract and relax

58
Q

What does enzymatic velocity of myosin ATPase determine?

A

The rate at which the enzyme is capable of breaking down ATP during the contraction cycle

59
Q

Metabolic Profile

A

capacity for ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation or glycolysis

60
Q

Type 1 Fiber - Characteristic

A

Slow Oxidative
Abundance of Mitochondria

Seen as Red (strong staining of succinic dehydrogenase) + Small on images

61
Q

Type 2A Fibers - Characteristic

A

Fast Oxidative

Medium/Large with Pale Staining

62
Q

Fibers 2B Characteristics

A

Fast Glycolytic

Medium/Large with Pale Staining

63
Q

Which muscle fibers have high myoglobin content?

A

Type 1 + 2A

64
Q

Intercalated Discs - Function

A

allow electrochemical coupling between cells => communicate impulse for contraction from one cell to another

65
Q

Purkinje Fibers - Function + Location

A

brings down the impulse to ventricles

Location: below endothelium

66
Q

Purkinje cells - Characteristics

A
  • Large cells
  • fibrils pushed towards periphery
  • bi-nucleated
  • connect via gap junctions
67
Q

Cardiac Muscle - Characteristics

A
  • Intercalated discs
  • Striated
  • Centrally located nuclei
  • Branching
68
Q

Connections in Intercalated Discs

A
  • fascia adherens (transverse component)
  • gap junctions (lateral component)
  • desmosomes (throughout)
69
Q

Intercalated Discs - Gap Junctions (Function)

A

ionically couple one cell to the next

70
Q

Intercalated Discs - Fasciae Adherentes (Function)

A
  • Hold cardiac muscle cells at their ends

- Site where thin filaments of terminal sarcomere attach to plasma membrance

71
Q

Diad

A
  • Cardiac Muscle
  • similar to Triad in skeletal muscle
  • Location: Z-line
72
Q

Cardiac Hypertrophy - Common Causes

A
  • High BP

- heart valve stenosis

73
Q

What is Cardiac Hypertrophy?

A

thickening of the myocardium (heart muscle)

74
Q

Smooth Muscle Location

A
  • Viscera
  • Vascular System
  • Arrector Pili muscle in the skin
  • Intrinsic muscle of the eye
75
Q

Single Unit Smooth Muscle

A

unit/group of cells work together, connected by gap junctions

allow ions + small molecules to pass b/w cells

whole sheet contracts together

(Ex. GI Tract)

76
Q

Multiunit Smooth Muscle

A

Individual smooth muscle cells are independently innervated fibers

controlled by signals from nerves

Ex. Eye

77
Q

Smooth Muscle Cell - Characteristics

A
  • No visible sarcomeres or striations
  • No T-Tubules
  • Thin filaments attached to dense bodies
  • Bindle or sheets of elongated cells
  • Closely packed
  • Tapered ends
78
Q

Myosin Filament arrangement in Smooth Muscle

A
  • one direction on one side and the opposite direction on the other side
  • no bare zone
79
Q

advantage of no bare zone in myosin filaments?

A

contraction lasts a long time

80
Q

Clinical Significance: Asthma/ Allergic Reactions

A

SMOOTH MUSCLE of bronchi contract + airways narrow

81
Q

Clinical Significance: Fibrosis

A
  • excess myofibroblasts
  • Occurs in liver (response to alcohol abuse)
  • Occurs in lungs (response to smoking abuse)

D1 Fall (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions