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D1 Fall > Bone and Cartilage > Flashcards

Bone and Cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

functions of cartilage

A

1) support and framework
2) shock absorption, resisting compression
3) smooth gliding surfaces

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2
Q

what is the most abundant cartilage

A

hyaline

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3
Q

chondrocyte

A

cells responsible for synthesis of cartilage-specific ECM components

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4
Q

chondroblasts

A

chondrocyte precursors capable of forming cartilage-specific ECM but not encased in matrix

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5
Q

lacunae

A

spaces where cells are living/ existing in

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6
Q

abundant organelles in chondrocyte structure

A

lots of RER, prominent golgi - proteoglycans

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7
Q

what cells do chondrocytes originate from

A

mesenchymal stem cells

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8
Q

transcription factor required for expression of cartilage-specific ECM

A

Sox9

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9
Q

what happens if there is a lack of Sox9

A

prevents mesenchymal progenitor cells from differentiating to chondrogenic cells

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10
Q

what is cartilage ECM made of

A

ground substance with proteoglycan aggregates and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) that are negatively charged side chains

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11
Q

special characteristics of cartilage

A

-avascular
-nutrients and oxygen diffuse through the ECM
- limited growth and repair

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12
Q

because oxygen is limited in cartilage, chondrocytes have _______

A

a low metabolic rate, and dont require high oxygen concentrations to perform normally

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13
Q

perichondrium

A

-dense CT surrounding cartilage
-contains vasculature, nerves and lymphatic vessels
-outer layer has fibroblasts
-inner layer has chondroblast precursors

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14
Q

2 types of growth in cartilage

A

appositional and interstitial

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15
Q

appositional growth

A

differentiation of chondrocytes from pericardium

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16
Q

interstitial growth

A

results from mitotic division of pre-existing chondrocytes within matrix (growth from within)

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17
Q

location of hyaline cartilage

A

-articular surfaces of moveable joints
-walls of respiratory passages (nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi)
-costal cartilage (ribs)
-epiphyseal growth plates

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18
Q

types of fibers in hyaline cartilage

A

type II collage

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19
Q

what kind of growth occurs in hyaline cartilage

A

appositional and interstitial

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20
Q

articular cartilage

A

type of hyaline cartilage,
-covers articular surfaces of bones
-lacks perichondrium
-gets nutrients and oxygen from synovial fluid (diffusion)

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21
Q

elastic cartilage

A

similar to hyaline, but has large network of elastic fibers

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22
Q

locations of elastic cartilage

A

ear, auditory canals, Eustachian tubes, epiglottis

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23
Q

fibers in elastic cartilage

A

type II collagen and elastic fibers

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24
Q

what kind of growth occurs in elastic fibers

A

appositional and interstitial

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25
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

tissue intermediate between Dense CT and hyaline cartilage
no distinct perichondrium

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26
Q

locations of fibrocartilage

A

intervertebral discs, attachments of certain ligaments, pubic symphysis and menisci

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27
Q

fibers in fibrocartilage

A

type I collagen, small amounts of type II collage

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28
Q

what type of growth in fibrocartilage

A

interstitial

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29
Q

bone

A

largest proportion of body’s connective tissue mass

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30
Q

functions of bone

A

-framework
-levers for locomotor function
-protect vulnerable viscera
-site for hematopoiesis (bone marrow)
-maintain mineral (calcium) homeostasis

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31
Q

2 layers in bone

A

compact (cortical) and spongy (trabecular)

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32
Q

3 distinct areas on a bone

A

epiphysis, metaphysis and diaphysis

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33
Q

components inside the diaphysis

A

-medullary cavity filled with bone marrow
-endosteum- contains osteoprogenitor cells
-periosteum- membrane around bone

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34
Q

bone ECM composition

A

65% calcium hydroxyapatite, 23% collage, 10% water, rest non-collagen proteins

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35
Q

what cells make up cortical bone

A

osteons

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36
Q

osteoblasts

A

responsible for the synthesis and mineralization of bone ECM
-can be cuboidal and sometimes columnar

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37
Q

bone-lining cells

A

osteoblasts that became quiescent

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38
Q

where do osteoblasts originate from

A

mesenchymal stem cells

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39
Q

what transcription factor is required for the expression of bone-specific ECM from mesenchymal cells

A

Runx2

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40
Q

lack of Runx2/Cbfa1 results in what

A

lack of osteoblasts, hypertrophic chondrocytes, and a skeleton without any mineralized matrix

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41
Q

osteocytes

A

terminally differentiated osteoblasts that are encased in ECM, contact other osteocytes with dendritic processes, live in lacunae

42
Q

osteoclasts

A

opposite of osteoblasts, responsible for bone resorption or degrading mineralized bone
-large mutinucleated cells

43
Q

where are osteoclasts derived from

A

hematopoietic stem cells, share a common progenitor with monocyte/macrophage

44
Q

characteristics of osteoclasts

A

large, multi nucleated, polarized, clear zone and ruffled border
has mitochondria for energy, ion pumps to keep pH acidic,

45
Q

what breaks down bone in a osteocyte

A

lysosomal enzyme cathepsin K

46
Q

how do bone cells regulate their functions

A

they balance bone formation and resorption to maintain structural integrity, communicate with one another

47
Q

macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF)

A

stimulates early commitment to osteoclast lineage

48
Q

receptor activator of NF-kB (RANK) and its ligand (RANK-L)

A

induces osteoclast formation and activation

49
Q

osteoprotegerin (OPG)

A

produced by osteoblasts, acts as a RANK-L decoy receptor

50
Q

the ratio of RANK-L/OPG is _____________ to the number of osteoclasts

A

directly proportional

51
Q

trabeculae provide a _____________ for rapid deposition and release of calcium

A

large surface area

52
Q

PTH

A

gets released in response to low calcium levels, stimulates osteoclasts

53
Q

what happens when PTH is released

A

-osteoclastic bone resorption
-renal calcium reabsorption
-activated vitamin D stimulate bone resorption

54
Q

what is important for maintaining bone mass

A

mechanical forces, load-bearing activities, staying active
-slows down bone loss and increases deposition of minerals/ production of collagen fibers

55
Q

osteoperosis

A
56
Q

what factors contribute to osteoporosis

A

-aging
-post-menopausal
-disuse
-inflammation/arthritis
-diabetes

57
Q

what happens to RANKL/OPG ratio in osteoporosis

A

its increased

58
Q

osteopetrosis

A

autosomal recessive, caused by gene mutations that affect osteoclast development and function
-decreased bone resorption

59
Q

symptoms of osteopetrosis

A

-increased fractures
-cranial nerve defects
-anemia and infections

60
Q

treatment of osteopetrosis

A

bone marrow transplant

61
Q

Rickets/Osteomalacia

A

rickets in kids, osteomalacia in adults
-defective Vitamin D intake or metabolism
-defective mineralization of osteoid
-increased osteoid thickness
-increased fracture risk

62
Q

rickets/osteomalacia treatment

A

Vitamine D supplementation

63
Q

rickets in lower limbs

A

cause bowing

64
Q

cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD)

A

autosomal dominant skeletal dysplasia, caused by mutation in Runx2 gene on chromosome 6

65
Q

characteristics of CCD

A

-no clavicles
-delayed closure of cranial sutures
-short
-scoliosis
-teeth abnormalities

66
Q

Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressive (FOP)

A

rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder of ectopic bone formation
-mutated ACVR1 gene responsible for encoding BMP type 1 receptor
-cause progressive endochondral ossification of muscle, tendons and ligaments

67
Q

FOP symptoms

A

bone forms where it shouldn’t, excessive bones in joints and muscles

68
Q

osteogenesis imperfecta

A

brittle bone disease, genetic disorder, fragile bones break easily
-dominant mutation in type I collagen genes

69
Q

osteogenesis imperfecta over time

A

-acute = few fractures and normal life expectancy
-chronic = many fractures and shortened life expectancy
-no cure

70
Q

two processes in osteogenesis

A

intramembranous and endochondral

71
Q

intramembranous osteogenesis

A

bone tissue is formed directly in primitive connective tissue (mesenchyme)
-skull

72
Q

endochondral osteogenesis

A

bone tissue replaces a hyaline cartilage template
-most bone in body

73
Q

steps in intramembranous bone formation

A

-mesenchymal cells condensate
-differentiate to osteocytes and form bone matrix
-calcium is deposited from blood vessels to mineralize osteoid

74
Q

endochondral bone formation

A

-hyaline cartilage develops
-cartilage calcifies, periosteal collar forms around diaphysis
-primary ossification center forms
-secondary ossification center forms in epiphyses
-bone replaces cartilage, except articular
-epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines

75
Q

4 zones of endochondral bone formation

A

resting, proliferating, hypertrophic, ossification

76
Q

how is the length of cartilage increases during proliferating zone

A

chondrocytes run away from osssification

77
Q

where does calcification of cartilage matrix surround

A

hypertrophic chondrocytes

78
Q

how does bone increase in outer circumference

A

periosteal bone formation

79
Q

what increases the inner bone circumference

A

endosteal bone resorption,
can also increase size of bone marrow cavity

80
Q

how does the thickness of the cortical bone gradually increase over time

A

net periosteal formation exceeds net endosteal resorption

81
Q

indian hedgehog (Ihh)

A

protein produced by pre-hypertrophic and early hypertrophic chondrocytes

82
Q

function of ihh

A

-stimulates synthesis and secretion of PTH-RP
-regulates formation of periosteal bone collar

83
Q

PTH-RP

A
84
Q

function of PTH-RP

A

-stimulates chondrocyte proliferation
-prevents them from differentiating into hypertrophic chondrocytes

85
Q

what do hypertrophic chondrocytes secrete

A

type X collagen

86
Q

what is type X collagen

A

a marker of terminal differentiation and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

87
Q

what is VEGF

A

an inducer of vascular invasion

88
Q

what does the site of a fracture tell you

A

it determines the healing process of the fractured bone

89
Q

3 general steps of fracture healing

A

1) hematoma formation
2) callus formation
3) bone remodeling

90
Q

hematoma formation

A
  • pain, warmth
    -recruitment of MSC progenitor populations
  • low pO2 at fracture site so chondrocytes produce cartilage
91
Q

callus formation

A

soft callus: development of fibrous and cartilaginous collar to surround fracture
-callus widens and immobilizes fracture ends

hard callus: initial bone formation
-endochondral ossification of cartilage, intramembranous on bone surface

92
Q

bone remodeling

A

conversion of immature to mature bone
-haversian system reconstituted
-more bone is deposited in areas of greater stress

93
Q

factors that influence the rate of fracture healing

A

size of gap, age, blood supply, Ca2+, phosphate, nutrition

94
Q

joint

A

region where bones join together

95
Q

2 types of joint

A

diarthroses and synarthoses

96
Q

diarthroses

A

permit free bone movement

97
Q

synarthroses

A

permit limited or no movement

98
Q

types of synarthroses

A

synotosis, synchrondrosis, syndesmosis

99
Q

synotosis

A

bones united by bone tissue, no movement
-cranial sutures

100
Q

synchondrosis

A

bones united by hyaline cartilage with limited movement
-epiphyseal plates, costal cartilages connecting ribs to sternum

101
Q

syndesmosis

A

bones joined by dense CT or fibrocartilage with limited movement
-pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs

D1 Fall (14 decks)

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