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D1 Fall > Cytoskeleton > Flashcards

Cytoskeleton Flashcards

1
Q

cytoskeleton definition

A

building blocks of cell structure

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2
Q

what does cytoskeleton include

A

skeleton and muscles of cells

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3
Q

functions of cytoskeleton

A

architecture, shape, motility of cells and organelles

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4
Q

3 main components of cytoskeleton

A

microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

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5
Q

what is the composition of microtubules

A

tubulin dimers with alpha and beta tubulin

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6
Q

what is tubulin

A

a GTPase

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7
Q

accessory proteins associated with microtubules

A

microtubule- associated proteins (MAPs)

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8
Q

function of MAPs

A

stabilization of polymers, regulate interactions between cytoskeleton elements,
organize MTs

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9
Q

properties of microtubules

A

DYNAMIC, can go rapid bouts of assembly/disassembly, acts as substrate for motor proteins to transport cargo

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10
Q

function of microtubules

A

-make up mitotic spindle
-railways for organelle transport
-cell shape
-in neurons for axonal transport
-backbone for cilia and flagella

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11
Q

microtubules are ______ with a ____ end and a ______ end

A

polarized, plus, minus

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12
Q

the plus end of microtubules is ______, the minus end is _______

A

dynamic, static

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13
Q

how many protofilaments in a microtubule

A

13 +/-

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14
Q

the + end has ______ of tubulin addition and removal, the - end has _____ of addition and removal

A

faster, slower

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15
Q

catastrophe

A

periods of growth switched to shrinkage (drastic drop in graph)

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16
Q

rescue

A

switched from shrinkage to growth (drastic increase on graph)

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17
Q

microtubules are ______ near the nucleus, _______ away from the nucleus

A

negatively charged, postively charged

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18
Q

which motor proteins are associated with microtubules and which end do they move towards

A

dynein (moved towards - end), kinesin (moves towards + end)

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19
Q

nucleation definition

A

genesis of a cytoskeletal polymer

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20
Q

where does nucleation occur

A

at the centrosome

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21
Q

polymerization definition

A

elongation of a cytoskeletal polymer after initial nucleation

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22
Q

which tubulin is needed for nucleation

A

gamma tubulin

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23
Q

how do microtubules function in cell division

A

segregate chromosomes, reorganize cytoplasm

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24
Q

where is cilia found in the body

A

lung epithelium, trachea, fallopian tube

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25
Q

what is the function of cilia

A

to move phlegm

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26
Q

basal body definition

A

microtubule organizing center for cilia and flagella, has a +/- end

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27
Q

axoneme definition

A

9+2 microtubule structure of cilia and flagella (9 doublets surrounding 2 in the middle)

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28
Q

immotile cilia syndrome

A

defect in axonemal structure, results in lung disease and sterile males (microtubule malfunction)

29
Q

Kartagener’s syndrome

A

situs inversus (reverse body asymmetry) and immotile cilia syndrome

30
Q

Cancer

A

disruption of Microtubule dynamics to block cell division (Taxol)

31
Q

Lissencephaly

A

mutations in microtubule proteins LIS1 and doublecortin

32
Q

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease Type 2A

A

mutation in specific kinesin/ mutation in mitofusion2

33
Q

Neurodegenerative disorders

A

mutations in tau, dyein, kinesin, spastin

34
Q

neurotropic viruses

A

can exploit neuron’s microtubule based transport system to reach cell bodies

35
Q

microfilaments composition

A

helical, non-hollow, polymers of actin

36
Q

what is actin

A

an ATPase

37
Q

difference between microtubules and microfilaments

A

microfilaments don’t have organizing centers like centrosome for microtubules,
microfilaments can be nucleated anywhere in the cell

38
Q

structure of microfilaments

A

polarized filament with barbed and pointed end

39
Q

which end of the microfilament favors assembly (polymerization)

A

barbed end

40
Q

functions of microfilaments

A

cleavage furrow (finals stages of mitosis), cell motility, short-range organelle transport, contractility

41
Q

3 actin isoforms and location

A

-alpha actin: muscle specific
-beta actin: most cells
-gamma actin: most cells

42
Q

what must actin be loaded with for nucleation and polymerization

A

ATP loaded

43
Q

Stress Fibers

A

myosin, alpha actin, formins

44
Q

leading edge meshworks

A

Arp 2/3, profilin, cofilin

45
Q

myosin definition

A

F-actin associated force generating mechanoenzymes

46
Q

myosin function

A

contractility, intracellular transport

47
Q

which side do myosins move to

A

barbed end of filaments

48
Q

cytokinesis definition

A

F-actin and myosin II at contractile ring during cell division

49
Q

microvilli

A

actin based epithelial projections

50
Q

where are microvilli found in the body

A

small intestine, ear cells

51
Q

microvilli function

A

to increase the SA of cells to increase absorption

52
Q

erythrocyte cytoskeleton

A

spectrin tetramer, actin, adducin, tropomyosin

53
Q

Hereditary Spherocytosis

A

deforms red blood cells to fragile spherocytes b/c of weak binding affinity of spectrin to band 4.1 (malfunction of actin)

54
Q

Hereditary elliptocytosis

A

deforms red blood cells to ellipocytes because of incomplete formation of spectrin (actin malfunction)

55
Q

Breast Cancer

A

tensin (actin protein) is disrupted which promotes metastatic migration of cancer cells (tensin links integrin receptors to actin)

56
Q

Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

mutations in cardiac actin
symptoms include, dizziness, chest pain, symptoms of heart failure

57
Q

Mutations in skeletal muscle actin

A

congential myopathies, structural abnormalities of muscle, variable degrees of muscle weakness

58
Q

mutation in Myosin VI

A

causes deafness ( stereocilia)

59
Q

mutation in myosin VII

A

deafness, neurological disorder, blindness (Usher syndrome Type 1)

60
Q

Phalloidin

A

found in death cap mushroom, very toxic, binds tightly to and stabilizes actin, preventing depolymerization

61
Q

intermediate filaments structure

A

non-polarized, NON-dynamic, less conserved than microtubules or microfilaments

62
Q

intermediate filaments function

A

-space filling elements
-gives tensile strength
-specialized functions depending on the cell
-important at cell junctions

63
Q

Type I and II: intermediate filaments

A

acid, neutral/basic keratins
epithelial cells and derivatives

64
Q

Type III intermediate filaments

A

vimentin, desmin, glial fibrilary acidic protien
fibroblasts, muscle cells, glial cells

65
Q

Type IV intermediate filaments

A

NF-L/M/H
Neurons

66
Q

Type V intermediate filaments

A

nuclear lamins A, B , C
nuclear lamina of nucleated cells

67
Q

Epidermolysis bullosa simplex

A

mutation in keratin expressed in basal cell layer,
results in very sensitive skin to mechanical injury

68
Q

Progeria

A

fast aging disease, mutation in nuclear lamina protein

D1 Fall (14 decks)

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