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D1 Fall > Nerve > Flashcards

Nerve Flashcards

1
Q

neurons

A

networks of specialized cells that communicate with each other and to other parts of the body

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2
Q

functions of nervous system

A

-generate movement
-learn and remember
-comprehend and generate language
-make decisions based on goals
-etc

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3
Q

2 divisions of the nervous system

A

CNS and PNS

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4
Q

CNS

A

spinal cord and brain

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5
Q

PNS

A

sensory elements conducting info to CNS, motor elements that conduct signals from CNS to effector cells

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6
Q

PNS is divided into which 2 groups

A

autonomic and somatic

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7
Q

somatic nervous system

A

skeletal movement

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8
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

involuntary movement

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9
Q

2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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10
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

fight or flight

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11
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

rest and digest

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12
Q

main parts of a neuron

A

axon, dendrite, cell body

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13
Q

axon

A

sends signals out

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14
Q

dendrite

A

receives signals into cell body

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15
Q

3 different neuron morphologies

A

multipolar, bipolar, pseudounipolar

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16
Q

multipolar neuron

A

-most common neuron
-1 axon, 2 or more dendrites

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17
Q

bipolar neuron

A

-1 axon, 1 dendrite
-visual, olfactory systems

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18
Q

pseudounipolar

A

-1 axon that divides into 2 branches
-sensory ganglia of cranial and spinal nerves

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19
Q

pseudounipolar neurons have what kind of projections

A

peripheral projection (extends into peripheral tissue) and central projection (extends into CNS)

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20
Q

synapse

A

where neurons meet and communication occurs

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21
Q

what is found in a pre-synaptic terminal

A

vesicles with neurotransmitter (large dense core vesicles)
-mitochondria for ATP

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22
Q

what characterizes a post-synaptic terminal on a TEM

A

postsynaptic density, dendritic spine

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23
Q

where does the axon and skeletal muscle fiber connect

A

neuromuscular junction

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24
Q

the presynaptic terminal is also referred to as the

A

active zone

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25
Q

important neurotransmitters

A

acetylcholine, glutamate (excitatory), GABA (inhibitory)

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26
Q

what is used to load up neurotransmitters into a vesicle

A

Proton gradient

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27
Q

4 steps in vesicle transport

A

1) budding
2) movement
3) tethering/docking
4) fusion

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28
Q

which 2 proteins are involved in fusion

A

v-SNARE (synaptobrevin) and T-SNARE (syntaxin)

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29
Q

What do the SNARE proteins do

A

the binding of the 2 proteins binds the 2 membranes so that the neurotransmitter gets released

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30
Q

what protein is involved in docking

A

Rab effector (tethering protein)

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31
Q

steps involved for SNARE proteins controlling membrane fusion

A

zipping, hemifusion, fusion, fusion pore (porocytosis)

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32
Q

what is SNARE-dependent fusion dependent on

A

calcium

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33
Q

what happens at the synapse after depolarization

A

-voltage gated ca 2+ channels allow ca 2+ to flood in, cause vesicles to fuse to pre-synaptic terminal, exocytosis of vesicles

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34
Q

dendritic spines are the sites of what?

A

post-synaptic input

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35
Q

how does a voltage potential exist

A

because nervous systems have the ability actively distribute ions non-uniformly across the membrane

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36
Q

graded voltage change

A

spreads passively and declines with distance from site of input

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37
Q

glutamate input does what

A

graded potential depolarization

38
Q

GABA input does what

A

graded potential hyperpolarization

39
Q

what happens if excitatory inputs win

A

the axonal initial segment is has voltage gates Na+ channels that open when voltage goes above a threshold

40
Q

action potential

A

all-or-none response that propagates to the end of the axon
-triggered when threshold is reached

41
Q

what is very prevalent in neurons

A

cytoskeleton

42
Q

nissl material

A

consists of RNA and free ribosomes
-basophilic (likes basic dyes)
-where protein synthesis occurs

43
Q

where are most neuronal proteins made

A

cell body

44
Q

axon initial segments contain high levels of what 2 things

A

Na+ and K+ channels

45
Q

axonal transport is _____ dependent

A

energy

46
Q

anterograde

A

cell body to axon tip direction

47
Q

retrograde

A

axon to cell body direction

48
Q

axonal transport relies on what

A

microtubules, kinesin and dynein motors

49
Q

kinesin goes in which direction

A

anterograde

50
Q

dynein goes in which direction

A

retrograde

51
Q

dysfunction in axonal transport can lead to which diseases

A

diabetes, neuropathy, Huntington Disease, Alzheimer’s

52
Q

how does rabies get into the brain and then to the body

A

virus travels up nerves retrograde to spinal cord and then brain
-leaves via anterograde down cranial nerves

53
Q

where are myelin sheaths made in each type of NS

A

CNS= oligodendrocytes
PNS= Schwann cells

54
Q

functions of astrocytes

A

-help form blood-brain barrier
-secrete neurotropic factors
-take up K+ neurotransmitters

55
Q

in the PNS, Schwann cells myelinate……

A

1 region of one axon

56
Q

myelin sheath is made of up what

A

mostly lipids, some proteins

57
Q

2 roles of proteins in myelin sheath

A

extrusion of cytoplasm with a single wrap of myelin (myelin compaction)
-adhesive contacts between adjacent membrane layers

58
Q

myelinated axons are more _____ and _____ than unmyelinated axons

A

faster and energy-efficient

59
Q

why can’t you myelinate the entire axon?

A

because theres a limit on how much insulation myelin can provide while still allowing space for enough axons

60
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

gaps between myelin that have Na+ channels and re-boost the action potential

61
Q

saltatory conduction

A

hopping from node to node, causing propagation of the action potential

62
Q

how many axons can a oligodendrocyte myelinate

A

more than 1, multiple axons

63
Q

immune-mediated demyelinating diseases

A

MS ( Multiple Sclerosis) and Guillain-Barre syndrome

64
Q

inherited demyelinating diseases

A

adrenoleukodystrophy, failure to generate plasmalogens

65
Q

metabolic demyelinating diseases

A

Central Pontine Myelinosis

66
Q

virus-induces demyelinating diseases

A

progressive multifocal encephalopathy

67
Q

what is the most abundant glial cell

A

astrocytes

68
Q

Blood Brain Barrier

A

helps determine brain interstitial fluid by restricting ionic and fluid movements
-protects brain from fluctuations in ionic compositions (can occur after a meal or exercise)

69
Q

cells involved in BBB

A

tight junctions, capillary endothelial cell, basement membrane

70
Q

types of transport in BBB

A

-paracellular
-lipid-soluble through diffusion
-active transport with proteins
-receptor-mediated transcytosis
-adsorptive transcytosis

71
Q

astrocytes provide the neuron with what

A

neurotransmitters and energy

72
Q

astrocytes mobilize ______ to produce ______

A

glucose, lactate
-allows glucose to be used for metabolism or to protect neurons from low glucose

73
Q

which transporters do astrocytes express

A

glutamate, they take up excess glutamate and recycle it to glutamine

74
Q

microglia

A

major immune cell in CNS
-embryonically derived, self-renewing tissue macrophage
-don’t differentiate

75
Q

how are microglia activated

A

by physical injury, inflammation, infection
-changes from ramified to amoeboid

76
Q

ependymal cells

A

epithelial layer that lines the ventricles of the brain and central canal of spinal cord

77
Q

ventricular system

A

-produces CSF, which buffers and cushions spinal cord

78
Q

what kind of epithelium are ependymal cells

A

simple cuboidal-columnar
-have microvilli and cilia

79
Q

white matter

A

bundles of myelinated axons (has oligodendrocytes)

80
Q

gray matter

A

collections of neuron cell bodies, and astrocytes

81
Q

spinal ganglion

A

aka dorsal root ganglion
-cell bodies of sensory neurons, whose axons project into spinal cord via dorsal root

82
Q

ventral root

A

projection of motor axons from spinal cord to innervate muscle

83
Q

satellite cells

A

In PNS, surround nerve cell bodies
-provide trophic support to neurons

84
Q

epineurium

A

encloses entire nerve
-dense irregular CT

85
Q

perineurium

A

encloses each fascicle of nerve fibers
-makes up blood brain barrier

86
Q

endoneurium

A

surrounds individual nerve fibers
-CT

87
Q

schwann cells can also ensheath ______

A

nonmyelinated PNS axons

88
Q

which axons can regenerate

A

PNS axons after injury

89
Q

which axons can regenerate

A

PNS axons after injury

90
Q

how do CNS axons regenerate

A

they do not regenerate

91
Q

which part of the brain is shaped like a c and how is it best stained

A

hippocampus, Nissl stain

D1 Fall (14 decks)

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