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D1 Fall > Embryology and Development > Flashcards

Embryology and Development Flashcards

1
Q

ovulation

A

14 days into ovarian cycle, 1 oocyte is released into oviduct

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2
Q

where do sperm get deposited

A

cervix

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3
Q

where does fertilization occur

A

ampullary region of uterine tube

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4
Q

3 steps in fertilization

A

1) sperm penetrates corona radiata
2) sperm penetrates zona pellicuda
3) fusion of sperm/ oocyte membranes

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5
Q

fertilization results

A

diploid zygote with homologous pair of chromosomes

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6
Q

gender determination

A

based on the sperm since oocyte always has an X chromosome, (y for boy, x for girl)

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7
Q

cleavage initiation

A

cleavage occurs by actin filaments to form 2-cell stage

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8
Q

morula

A

3 days, ball of blastomeres, 12-16 cells, cytoplasm divides but no growth in size of ball, looks like a blackberry

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9
Q

blastocyst

A

hollow sphere of cells, 5 days post-fertilization
-hollow cavity = blastula

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10
Q

inner cell mass

A

forms inside blastocyst, pluripotent stem cells that have not differentiated

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11
Q

what does the inner cell mass develop

A

embryo, amnion, yolk sac, allantois

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12
Q

implantation

A

blastocyst/morula is pushed along fallopian tube until it enters uterus
-implants into endometrium
- 6 days old

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13
Q

abnormal implantation

A

-ectopic pregnancy
-ovarian
-cervical
-interstitial
-peritoneal
-tubal
infundibular

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14
Q

at the end of week 1, day 7, what do we have

A

blastocyst with inner cell mass, developing syntrophoblast and cytrophoblast

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15
Q

two general layers in week 2

A

trophoblast and embryoblast

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16
Q

trophoblast

A

outside of ball that provides nutrients to embryo
-differentiates to cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast

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17
Q

embryoblast

A

ICM, forms epiblast and hypoblast

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18
Q

what 2 cavities form in week 2

A

yolk sac and amniotic sac

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19
Q

what 2 layers does the extraembryonic mesoderm split into

A

somatic and splanchnic

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20
Q

cytotrophoblast

A

inner layer of trophoblast
- mononucleated
-migrate into syncytiotrophoblast where they fuse and loose all their membrane

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21
Q

synctiotrophoblast

A

outer layer of trophoblast, multinucleated
-invades into uterine wall
-produces hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

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22
Q

hypoblast

A

small cuboidal cells
-partially contributes to yolk sac
-remainder degenerates via apoptosis

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23
Q

epiblast

A

high columnar cells
-adjacent to amniotic cavity
-where embryo is derived from
-thickens to form primitive streak

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24
Q

what develops from trophoblast on Day 9

A

trophoblastic lacunae
-vacuoles in synctiotrophoblast that fuse together

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25
Q

exocoelomic cavity (yolk cavity)

A

lines cytotrophoblast
-forms primitive yolk sac

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26
Q

amniotic cavity

A

sac that contains amniotic fluid

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27
Q

amniocentesis

A

needle used to withdraw amniotic fluid in order to diagnose chromosomal abnormalities

28
Q

yolk sac

A

useful in the beginning of development until placenta develops, disintegrates over time
-first site of blood cell formation

29
Q

extraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm

A

inner layer, covers yolk sac

30
Q

extraembryonic somatic mesoderm

A

outer layer of mesoderm, lines cytotrophoblast and amnion

31
Q

maternal sinusoids

A

congested and dilated capillaries
-maternal blood enters lacunar system

32
Q

exocoelomic cyst

A

day 13, portions of exocoelomic cavity pinched off during formation

33
Q

connecting stalk

A

where mesoderm transverses chorionic cavity (becomes umbilical chord)

34
Q

chorionic cavity over time

A

at 13 days is the largest cavity
-is gone by the 3rd month

35
Q

yolk sac over time

A

at 13 days is middle sized
-by 3rd month its totally gone

36
Q

amniotic cavity over time

A

starts out small
-by the end of the 3rd month is the largest fluid filled cavity

37
Q

trophoblastic lacunae cause what at the end of week 2

A

implantation bleeding

38
Q

gastrulation

A

3 germ layers are formed: endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

39
Q

ectoderm

A

-neural system
-skin, epidermis
-eyes
-ears

40
Q

mesoderm

A

-musculoskeletal tissues
-genitourinary system
-body wall membrane
-membranes that line cavities
-dermis

41
Q

endoderm

A

-foregut
-midgut
-hindgut
-GI tract
-liver
-pancreas
-respiratory tract
-bladder

42
Q

embryonic disk

A

formation of primitive streak on surface of epiblast

43
Q

what cells migrate into primitive node

A

epiblast cells

44
Q

invagination

A

cells displace in hypoblast to creat endoderm
-the ones that lie b/w epiblast and endoderm make mesoderm
-cells remaining in epiblast form the ectoderm

45
Q

how is the body plan refined during gastrulation

A

oropharyngeal membrane (future mouth) and cloacal membrane (future anus) forms

46
Q

teratogenesis

A

-alcohol and genetics
-during gastrulation
-holoprosencephaly

47
Q

holoprosencephaly

A

injury to the anterior midline of germ disc
-“cyclopia”
-one eye, cleft palate, close eyes

48
Q

caudal dysgenesis

A

injury to caudal aspect of the germ disc
-genetics and environment
-affects lower limbs and urogenital area
mermaid syndrome

49
Q

sacrococcygeal tumors

A

remnant of primitive streak
-clusters of pluripotent stem cells proliferate and form tumores

50
Q

conjoined twins

A

issues with spitting of primitive node

51
Q

anatomical position

A

standing straight up, palms facing forward, head looking straight

52
Q

migration patterns of epiblasts

A

-caudal to cranial
-medial to lateral

53
Q

fate map

A

established during gastrulation, determines which section will develop into what parts of the body

54
Q

notochord

A

mesoderm derivative, precursor to axial skeleton
-forms nucleus pulposus of intervertebral discs
-vertebral bodies form around notochord

55
Q

somite formation

A

mesoderm gives rise to paraxial mesoderm (future somites)
-mesoderm -> paraxial mesoderm-> parietal/visceral mesoderm layers ->somite

56
Q

somite

A

cells formed in segmental pairs along neural tube from paraxial mesoderm
-differentiate into vertebrae, muscles of back and body, and dermis of the skin

57
Q

neurulation

A

1) notochord forms mesoderm after gastrulation
2) signals from notochord cause inward folding of ectoderm around neural plate
3) ends of neural plate fuse and disconnect to form an autonomous neural tube

58
Q

embryonic folding (sagittal)

A

-embryonic disk starts flat
-caudal and cranial region start to fold

59
Q

fertilization vs. gestational age

A

-fertilization begins at conception
-gestational age begins 2 weeks earlier, at the beginning of last period

60
Q

critical period for development

A

period of maximum sensitivity to abnormal development
-3-8 weeks = formation of organs

61
Q

birth defect

A

congenital malformation (physical anomaly)

62
Q

congenital disorder

A

a condition that exists at birth or before birth, or develops first month of life

63
Q

teratology

A

study of causes and biological processes leading to abnormal development

64
Q

teratogen

A

any substance causing a birth defect

65
Q

thalidomide

A

old drug in Germany used to help pregnant women with nausea
-shut down blood vessels, leaving babies with deformed limbs (phocomelia)

66
Q

who is most susceptible to congenital abnormalities

A

-maternal age
-environmental factors
-genetic predisposition
-unknown

D1 Fall (14 decks)

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