Chemical Bonding, Water, Acid-Base Balance (1-2)

Question 1

6 atoms in covalent bonds

Answer 1

C, H, O, N, P, S

Question 2

valence

Answer 2

of bonds, determines what structures form

Question 3

electronegativity

Answer 3

tendency to attract electrons, determines how molecules interact with each other

Question 4

geometry

Answer 4

bond angle, determines shape of molecules

Question 5

covalent bond

Answer 5

a pair of electrons shared by 2 atoms

Question 6

double bond

Answer 6

2 atoms share 2 pairs of electrons

Question 7

delocalization

Answer 7

sharing of electrons, lowers energy

Question 8

lower energy =

Answer 8

greater stability, bond strength

Question 9

valence of H

Answer 9

1

Question 10

valence of C

Answer 10

4

Question 11

valence of O

Answer 11

2

Question 12

valence of N

Answer 12

3

Question 13

valence of S

Answer 13

2

Question 14

valence of P

Answer 14

5

Question 15

rank electronegativity

Answer 15

O>N>S=C>H=P

Question 16

more electronegative atoms attract

Answer 16

electrons more strongly

Question 17

less electronegative atoms attract

Answer 17

electrons less strongly

Question 18

covalent bonds can be

Answer 18

polar or nonpolar

Question 19

ions do not form

Answer 19

covalent bonds

Question 20

ions form

Answer 20

electrostatic bonds with oppositely charged molecules

Question 21

tetrahedral shape

Answer 21

CH4, NH3-, H2O

Question 22

double bonds structure

Answer 22

flat planar structure

Question 23

single bonds rotate

Answer 23

freely around single bonds

Question 24

double bonds rotate

Answer 24

they do no rotate

Question 25

which atoms have nonbonded electron pairs

Answer 25

O, N, S

Question 26

N in NH3 has a tendency to

Answer 26

capture H+

Question 27

O atom of a water molecule can accept both electrons from an OH bond and

Answer 27

release the hydrogen

Question 28

acid is a H+

Answer 28

donor

Question 29

base is an H+

Answer 29

acceptor

Question 30

electron resonance

Answer 30

sharing of electrons by 3 or more atoms

Question 31

what is the most stable structure of phosphoric acid

Answer 31

PO4H-2

Question 32

most of the enrgy yielded by ATP hydrolysis comes from

Answer 32

additional resonance stabilization of ADP

Question 33

Carbon-oxygen groups

Answer 33

alcohol, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ether, acid anhydride

Question 34

carbon-sulfur groups

Answer 34

sulfhydryl group, disulfide

Question 35

carbon-nitrogen groups

Answer 35

amino group, quaternary amine

Question 36

which groups are made up in a pyruvic acid

Answer 36

carboxyl, keto, methyl

Question 37

pyruvic acid modifications

Answer 37

decarboxylation, carboxylation, amino transfer, reduction

Question 38

non-covalent bonds

Answer 38

hydrogen bonds, electrostatic bonds, hydrophobic bonds, Van der Waals forces

Question 39

hydrogen bonds

Answer 39

attractive force between H atom in polar covalent bond and unpaired electrons of electronegative atoms

Question 40

strength of H bonds is dependent on

Answer 40

distance and orientation

Question 41

electrostatic bonds

Answer 41

attractive forces between + and - charged atoms

Question 42

strength of electrostatic bonds depends on

Answer 42

distance

Question 43

hydrophobic bonds

Answer 43

in water, water molecules push nonpolar molecules together

Question 44

rank bonds in terms of strength

Answer 44

covalent> H bonds> electrostatic bonds> hydrophobic bonds> Van der Waals

Question 45

OH bonds in water are

Answer 45

polar

Question 46

water is

Answer 46

-good solvent for polar molecules and ions

Question 47

what is insoluble in water

Answer 47

non-polar molecules

Question 48

Hydrogen bonds forms between

Answer 48

O and N atoms H atoms in polar bonds

Question 49

water is a

Answer 49

charged dipole

Question 50

amphipathic molecules

Answer 50

partly polar and partly nonpolar fatty acids, phospholipids

Question 51

fatty acids have

Answer 51

polar head, non-polar tail

Question 52

fatty acids packed into a spherical structure in water

Answer 52

micelle

Question 53

phospholipids have

Answer 53

a polar head and 2 non-polar tails

Question 54

in water phospholipids form

Answer 54

flat sheets and form spontaneously

Question 55

water weakens

Answer 55

hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds

Question 56

water creates

Answer 56

hydrophobic bonds

Question 57

acid is a

Answer 57

proton donor

Question 58

base is a

Answer 58

proton acceptor

Question 59

strong acids

Answer 59

dissociate completely equilibrium very far right

Question 60

weak acids and bases

Answer 60

exist in equilibrium with their conjugate species

Question 61

molecule is an acid if

Answer 61

the uncharged form of a molecule is a proton donor (COOH)

Question 62

molecule is a base if

Answer 62

the uncharged form of a molecule is a proton acceptor (NH2)

Question 63

water can act as a

Answer 63

acid or base

Question 64

in pure water

Answer 64

[H3O+] = [OH-]

Question 65

pH equation

Answer 65

pH = log[H+]

Question 66

higher [H+] pushes equilibrium

Answer 66

left

Question 67

lower [H+] pulls equilibrium to the

Answer 67

right

Question 68

small changes in [H+] have a

Answer 68

big effect on protein molecules

Question 69

denaturation

Answer 69

caused by changes in protonation

Question 70

Ka =

Answer 70

acid dissociation constant

Question 71

Ka equation

Answer 71

Ka = [H+][A]/[HA]

Question 72

Henderson- Hasselbach equations

Answer 72

pH = pKa + log [A]/[HA]

Question 73

when pH = pKa

Answer 73

half of A is unprotonated, other half is unprotonated

Question 74

proton exchanges between acids and bases are

Answer 74

spontaneous that occur rapidly

Question 75

a substance can add to a buffer if

Answer 75

it reacts with added H+ or OH- to get rid of some of the added OH/H

Question 76

buffers are

Answer 76

weak acids or bases

Question 77

when do buffers work well

Answer 77

when their pH is near their pKa

Question 78

most important physiological buffer

Answer 78

bicarbonate

Question 79

what generates acidity in the body

Answer 79

metabolism