Respiratory Flashcards
The surfactant is secreted by which cells ?
Type II alveolar cells
Describe the following pulmonary capacities:
- inspiratory capacity
- functional residual capacity
- vital capacity
- total lung capacity
- inspiratory capacity
Tidal + inspiratory reserve volume - functional residual capacity
Expiratory reserve + residual volume - vital capacity
Inspiratory reserve + tidal + expiratory reserve - total lung capacity
Maximal (vital capacity + residual volume)
Which nerve mediates the cough reflex ? Sneeze reflex ?
Vagus
5th CN
Low O2 concentration result in vasoconstriction or vasodilation of the vessels within the lungs ?
Vasoconstriction (opposite than systemic vessels)
Rapidity of gas exchange depends on which 4 factors:
- thickness of the membrane
- surface area of the membrane
- diffusion coefficient
- partial pressure difference
Hemoglobin saturation can decrease with which 4 process?
- Acidosis (increase H+)
- increase CO2
- increase temperature
- increase BPG
How is CO2 transported?
- Dissolved
- bicarbonate (H+ combines with hemoglobin)
- plasma proteins
Where are located the respiratory center?
Medulla oblongata
Pons
What is the main signal for respiration in:
- the brain
- peripheral chemoreceptors
increase CO2
Decrease O2
Noise absent with the mouth open is defined as ______ and is associated with obstruction of which structures
Stertor
Nasopharyngeal or nasal
Noise present with the mouth open or close is defined as ______ and is associated with obstruction of which structure
Strider
Larynx
What is the blood gas equation? What does an elevated value mean?
A (alveolar) - a (arteriel) < 15 mmHg
Ventilation perfusion mismatched (pneumonia, CHF, TE) - improve with O2 (except TE)
Diffusion barrière (fibrosis) - improved with O2
L-R shunt (PDA, atelectasis, TE, marked pulmonary hypertension) - does not improve with O2
Yellow green mucous with irregular polypoid nodules can be seen with which condition?
Which marker can be used?
Eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy
Procollagen type III amino terminal
Which recurrent signs can be seen with ciliary dyskinesia?
Nadal discharge, bronchopneumonia, otitis, reproductive disorder, renal fibrosis
The abnormal and permanent dilation and distortion of subsegmental airways is named what?
Bronchiectasis
What are the BAL cutoff for diagnosis bod asthma and chronic bronchitis in cats?
Asthma: > 17%
Chronic bronchitis: > 7%
Which agent leads to necrotizing hemorrhagic pneumonia ?
Streptococcus equi zooiepidemicus
Yersinia pestis can be seen in cats from which state?
Colorado
Infected through fleas, rabbits or rodent
Which lobes are the most affected by aspiration pneumonia?
Right middle lung lobe > right cranial > caudal aspect of left cranial
Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis can be caused by which agent ?
FIV
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis is caused by what?
Dysfunctional alveolar macrophages and impaired surfactant clearance
Which medication can reduce lung injury seen with drowning?
Pentoxifyllin CRI
What is the cutoff for pulmonary hypertension?
Tricuspid regurgitation with velocity > 2.8 m/s or > 31 mmHg
Pulmonary insufficiency > 2 m/s
Effusion leads to which tidal changes?
Decreased total lung capacity and functional residual capacity
The mediastinum communicates with the cervical soft tissue via ___________ and with the retroperitoneal space via _______. It contains the following structures:
Thoracic inlet
Aortic hiatus
Heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus, thoracic LN, thoracic duct, vagus nerve, aorta and vena cava
Which cells are seen with thymoma and not typically seen with mediastinal lymphoma?
Mast cells
What is the best treatment for nasal cryptococcus in cats?
Fluconazole
Endothelial injury is associated with which type of TE and which treatment can help? And for hypercoagulable state?
Endothelial injury = arterial = Clopidogrel
Hypercoagulable state = venous = anticoagulant
Endothelial injury is associated with which type of TE and which treatment can help? And for hypercoagulable state?
Endothelial injury = arterial = Clopidogrel
Hypercoagulable state = venous = anticoagulant
