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Specialty Exam > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

The surfactant is secreted by which cells ?

A

Type II alveolar cells

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2
Q

Describe the following pulmonary capacities:

  • inspiratory capacity
  • functional residual capacity
  • vital capacity
  • total lung capacity
A
  • inspiratory capacity
    Tidal + inspiratory reserve volume
  • functional residual capacity
    Expiratory reserve + residual volume
  • vital capacity
    Inspiratory reserve + tidal + expiratory reserve
  • total lung capacity
    Maximal (vital capacity + residual volume)
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3
Q

Which nerve mediates the cough reflex ? Sneeze reflex ?

A

Vagus

5th CN

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4
Q

Low O2 concentration result in vasoconstriction or vasodilation of the vessels within the lungs ?

A

Vasoconstriction (opposite than systemic vessels)

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5
Q

Rapidity of gas exchange depends on which 4 factors:

A
  • thickness of the membrane
  • surface area of the membrane
  • diffusion coefficient
  • partial pressure difference
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6
Q

Hemoglobin saturation can decrease with which 4 process?

A
  • Acidosis (increase H+)
  • increase CO2
  • increase temperature
  • increase BPG
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7
Q

How is CO2 transported?

A
  • Dissolved
  • bicarbonate (H+ combines with hemoglobin)
  • plasma proteins
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8
Q

Where are located the respiratory center?

A

Medulla oblongata

Pons

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9
Q

What is the main signal for respiration in:

  • the brain
  • peripheral chemoreceptors
A

increase CO2

Decrease O2

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10
Q

Noise absent with the mouth open is defined as ______ and is associated with obstruction of which structures

A

Stertor

Nasopharyngeal or nasal

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11
Q

Noise present with the mouth open or close is defined as ______ and is associated with obstruction of which structure

A

Strider

Larynx

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12
Q

What is the blood gas equation? What does an elevated value mean?

A

A (alveolar) - a (arteriel) < 15 mmHg

Ventilation perfusion mismatched (pneumonia, CHF, TE) - improve with O2 (except TE)

Diffusion barrière (fibrosis) - improved with O2

L-R shunt (PDA, atelectasis, TE, marked pulmonary hypertension) - does not improve with O2

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13
Q

Yellow green mucous with irregular polypoid nodules can be seen with which condition?

Which marker can be used?

A

Eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy

Procollagen type III amino terminal

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14
Q

Which recurrent signs can be seen with ciliary dyskinesia?

A

Nadal discharge, bronchopneumonia, otitis, reproductive disorder, renal fibrosis

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15
Q

The abnormal and permanent dilation and distortion of subsegmental airways is named what?

A

Bronchiectasis

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16
Q

What are the BAL cutoff for diagnosis bod asthma and chronic bronchitis in cats?

A

Asthma: > 17%

Chronic bronchitis: > 7%

17
Q

Which agent leads to necrotizing hemorrhagic pneumonia ?

A

Streptococcus equi zooiepidemicus

18
Q

Yersinia pestis can be seen in cats from which state?

A

Colorado

Infected through fleas, rabbits or rodent

19
Q

Which lobes are the most affected by aspiration pneumonia?

A

Right middle lung lobe > right cranial > caudal aspect of left cranial

20
Q

Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis can be caused by which agent ?

A

FIV

21
Q

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis is caused by what?

A

Dysfunctional alveolar macrophages and impaired surfactant clearance

22
Q

Which medication can reduce lung injury seen with drowning?

A

Pentoxifyllin CRI

23
Q

What is the cutoff for pulmonary hypertension?

A

Tricuspid regurgitation with velocity > 2.8 m/s or > 31 mmHg

Pulmonary insufficiency > 2 m/s

24
Q

Effusion leads to which tidal changes?

A

Decreased total lung capacity and functional residual capacity

25
Q

The mediastinum communicates with the cervical soft tissue via ___________ and with the retroperitoneal space via _______. It contains the following structures:

A

Thoracic inlet
Aortic hiatus

Heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus, thoracic LN, thoracic duct, vagus nerve, aorta and vena cava

26
Q

Which cells are seen with thymoma and not typically seen with mediastinal lymphoma?

A

Mast cells

27
Q

What is the best treatment for nasal cryptococcus in cats?

A

Fluconazole

28
Q

Endothelial injury is associated with which type of TE and which treatment can help? And for hypercoagulable state?

A

Endothelial injury = arterial = Clopidogrel

Hypercoagulable state = venous = anticoagulant

28
Q

Endothelial injury is associated with which type of TE and which treatment can help? And for hypercoagulable state?

A

Endothelial injury = arterial = Clopidogrel

Hypercoagulable state = venous = anticoagulant

Specialty Exam (11 decks)

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