Endocrine Flashcards
Which 2 hormones come from the posterior pituitary? And by which signal are they released?
ADH and oxytocin
Via nerve signals
Describe the types of diabetes?
Type 1 : deficiency of insulin production (dogs)
Type 2: decreased sensitivity of target tissue (cats)
Bone resorption is done by __________ and bone deposition is done by _____________
Osteoclasts
Osteoblasts
Water intake is regulated by which 3 factors?
Increase osmolality
Decrease IV volume
Angiotensin II
What are the possible causes of acquire nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?
Bacterial endotoxin Hypercalcemia PSS/liver failure Cushing's Hyperaldosteronism Hypokalemia Addison's Hyperthyroidism Polycythemia
With central diabetes insipidus, does plasma vasopressin increases or decreases after dehydration?
Decreases (vs NDI/PP where it either stays the same or increase)
What are the treatments for nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?
Thiazide
Low sodium
Which contrast agent can be used to detect hypothyroidism on scintigraphy?
99mTcO4
+/- iodine-123
If which occasion should T3 be used to diagnose hypothyroidism?
Greyhound
Which assay is the gold standard for TT4 ? FT4?
TT4: Radioimmunoassay (but chemiluminescence has similar results now)
fT4: equilibrium dialysis
What is the gold standard for hypothyroidism?
TRH stimulation test - measure both T4 (4 hours post injection) and TSH (30 minutes post)
Which 5 drugs can decrease TT4 and fT4?
Glucocorticoids Phenobarbital TMS Aspirin Clomipramine
In which circumstance should administration of T3 be considered?
In case of suspected poor absorption of T4.
Note - do not monitor via T4
Which are the 4 major clinical signs of hyperthyroidism?
Fever
CNS
GI or hepatic dysfunction
Cardiac dysfunction (tachycardia, AFib, CHF)
Which liver enzyme is usually not affected by hyperthyroidism?
GGT
Which 3 response test can be done for hyperthyroidism diagnostic and their results?
T3 suppression test - normal cat should have low T4 afterwards
TsH response test - normal cat should have greater increase than hyperthyroidism
TRH response test- hyperthyroidism cat have no increase
Which sex is predisposed to canine diabetes ? Feline diabetes?
Female dog
Male cat
Fructosamine can be lower in cats with which condition?
Hypoproteinemia and hyperthyroidism
Oxidation of non-esterified free fatty acids by the liver results in production of what?
Acetoacetate, which is further reduce in B-hydroxybutyrate and acetone
Which ketone is measured by ketostix? Blood ? Plasma?
Ketostix : acetoacetate and acetone
Blood: B-hydroxybutyrate (main in dogs and cats)
Plasma: acetoacetate
When should we consider treatment for hypomagnesemia?
Persistent lethargy or anorexia
Refractory hypokalemia and/or calcium
What are the 3 main sources of glucose?
Intestinal absorption (4-8 hours)
Glycogenolysis (2-3 days)
Gluconeogenesis (from lactate, from alanine within the kidneys or from arginine within the liver)
Which drugs are an alternative to steroids with insulinoma?
Diazoxide
Somatostatin (octreotide)
Streptozotocin (but leads to pancreatitis and renal failure)
*** Only for dogs
LDDST: 4 hours sample lower than lab cutoff and/or 4-8 hours lower 50% baseline is consistent with which form of Cushing’s?
PDH
What’s the treatment for hyperaldosteronism?
Spironolactone, potassium and amlodipine
What are the difference in renine between primary and secondary hyperaldosteronism?
Primary: low
Secondary (CHF, CKD): high
Can hypocalcemia lead to lentilar cataracts in cats?
Yup
What is goiter ?
Autosomal Mutation in thyroid peroxidase of fox terrier and rat terrier
Which 2 drugs can be used to inhibit conversion of T4 into T3 and help in short term management of hyperthyroidism?
B-blocker (atenolol)
Iodinated contrast argents
Obesity is associated with ____ leptin and ________ adiponectin
Increase
Decreased
Hyperlipidemia can be caused by which infection?
Leishmania
Parvovirus
Which hormones are secreted in the face of hypoglycemia?
Glucagon, GC, catecholamines and growth hormone
ACTH stimulation is less _____ than LDDST
Sensitive
Name 4 alternative therapies to HAC?
- Ketoconazole (inhibits synthesis of GC and androgen)
- selegeline (restore dopamine)
- carbegoline (dopamine agonist)
- retinoic acid (increase ACTH precursor)
Which contrast agent should be use to detect pheochromocytoma?
Guanidine
