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Specialty Exam > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Which 2 hormones come from the posterior pituitary? And by which signal are they released?

A

ADH and oxytocin

Via nerve signals

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2
Q

Describe the types of diabetes?

A

Type 1 : deficiency of insulin production (dogs)

Type 2: decreased sensitivity of target tissue (cats)

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3
Q

Bone resorption is done by __________ and bone deposition is done by _____________

A

Osteoclasts

Osteoblasts

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4
Q

Water intake is regulated by which 3 factors?

A

Increase osmolality
Decrease IV volume
Angiotensin II

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5
Q

What are the possible causes of acquire nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

A 
Bacterial endotoxin
Hypercalcemia
PSS/liver failure
Cushing's
Hyperaldosteronism
Hypokalemia
Addison's
Hyperthyroidism
Polycythemia
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6
Q

With central diabetes insipidus, does plasma vasopressin increases or decreases after dehydration?

A

Decreases (vs NDI/PP where it either stays the same or increase)

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7
Q

What are the treatments for nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

A

Thiazide

Low sodium

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8
Q

Which contrast agent can be used to detect hypothyroidism on scintigraphy?

A

99mTcO4

+/- iodine-123

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9
Q

If which occasion should T3 be used to diagnose hypothyroidism?

A

Greyhound

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10
Q

Which assay is the gold standard for TT4 ? FT4?

A

TT4: Radioimmunoassay (but chemiluminescence has similar results now)
fT4: equilibrium dialysis

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11
Q

What is the gold standard for hypothyroidism?

A

TRH stimulation test - measure both T4 (4 hours post injection) and TSH (30 minutes post)

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12
Q

Which 5 drugs can decrease TT4 and fT4?

A 
Glucocorticoids
Phenobarbital
TMS
Aspirin
Clomipramine
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13
Q

In which circumstance should administration of T3 be considered?

A

In case of suspected poor absorption of T4.

Note - do not monitor via T4

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14
Q

Which are the 4 major clinical signs of hyperthyroidism?

A

Fever
CNS
GI or hepatic dysfunction
Cardiac dysfunction (tachycardia, AFib, CHF)

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15
Q

Which liver enzyme is usually not affected by hyperthyroidism?

A

GGT

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16
Q

Which 3 response test can be done for hyperthyroidism diagnostic and their results?

A

T3 suppression test - normal cat should have low T4 afterwards

TsH response test - normal cat should have greater increase than hyperthyroidism

TRH response test- hyperthyroidism cat have no increase

17
Q

Which sex is predisposed to canine diabetes ? Feline diabetes?

A

Female dog

Male cat

18
Q

Fructosamine can be lower in cats with which condition?

A

Hypoproteinemia and hyperthyroidism

19
Q

Oxidation of non-esterified free fatty acids by the liver results in production of what?

A

Acetoacetate, which is further reduce in B-hydroxybutyrate and acetone

20
Q

Which ketone is measured by ketostix? Blood ? Plasma?

A

Ketostix : acetoacetate and acetone
Blood: B-hydroxybutyrate (main in dogs and cats)
Plasma: acetoacetate

21
Q

When should we consider treatment for hypomagnesemia?

A

Persistent lethargy or anorexia

Refractory hypokalemia and/or calcium

22
Q

What are the 3 main sources of glucose?

A

Intestinal absorption (4-8 hours)
Glycogenolysis (2-3 days)
Gluconeogenesis (from lactate, from alanine within the kidneys or from arginine within the liver)

23
Q

Which drugs are an alternative to steroids with insulinoma?

A

Diazoxide
Somatostatin (octreotide)
Streptozotocin (but leads to pancreatitis and renal failure)

*** Only for dogs

24
Q

LDDST: 4 hours sample lower than lab cutoff and/or 4-8 hours lower 50% baseline is consistent with which form of Cushing’s?

A

PDH

25
Q

What’s the treatment for hyperaldosteronism?

A

Spironolactone, potassium and amlodipine

26
Q

What are the difference in renine between primary and secondary hyperaldosteronism?

A

Primary: low

Secondary (CHF, CKD): high

27
Q

Can hypocalcemia lead to lentilar cataracts in cats?

A

Yup

28
Q

What is goiter ?

A

Autosomal Mutation in thyroid peroxidase of fox terrier and rat terrier

29
Q

Which 2 drugs can be used to inhibit conversion of T4 into T3 and help in short term management of hyperthyroidism?

A

B-blocker (atenolol)

Iodinated contrast argents

30
Q

Obesity is associated with ____ leptin and ________ adiponectin

A

Increase

Decreased

31
Q

Hyperlipidemia can be caused by which infection?

A

Leishmania

Parvovirus

32
Q

Which hormones are secreted in the face of hypoglycemia?

A

Glucagon, GC, catecholamines and growth hormone

33
Q

ACTH stimulation is less _____ than LDDST

A

Sensitive

34
Q

Name 4 alternative therapies to HAC?

A
  • Ketoconazole (inhibits synthesis of GC and androgen)
  • selegeline (restore dopamine)
  • carbegoline (dopamine agonist)
  • retinoic acid (increase ACTH precursor)
35
Q

Which contrast agent should be use to detect pheochromocytoma?

A

Guanidine

Specialty Exam (11 decks)

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