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Specialty Exam > Hemato-oncology > Flashcards

Hemato-oncology Flashcards

1
Q

Which are the main intracellular ions ?

A

Potassium, phosphate and magnesium

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2
Q

Which enzyme initiate apoptosis?

A

Caspases

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3
Q

Production of red blood cells is control by what?

A

IL-3
Hypoxia inducible factor 1
EPO (90% kidneys and 10% liver)

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4
Q

B lymphocytes are associated with humoral or cell mediated immunit

A

Humoral

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5
Q

Recovery of inflammation occurs via which type of macrophages?

A

M2

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6
Q

Which CD regulates humoral (B cell) immunity?

A

CD21

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7
Q

Which immune cells do those different LN layers secrete ?

Peripheral cortex
Paracortex
Central medulla

A

Peripheral cortex - B cells
Paracortex - T cells
Central medulla - plasma cells, macrophages and memory T cells

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8
Q

CD4 and CD8 are respectively associated with which type of immunity?

A

CD4 - T helper (MCH II)

CD8 - cytotoxic T cells (MCH I)

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9
Q

What are the 3 types of lymphocytes?

A

Natural killer
T
B

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10
Q

Live vaccine leads to which type of immunity?

A

Th1

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11
Q

Which cellular defense is the most important for destruction of spontaneous tumors ?

A

NK

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12
Q

What are the diagnostic criteria for multiple myeloma?

A

At least 2 of the following:

Osteolysis
Cluster of plasma cells in bone marrow
Monoclonal gammopathy
Bence Jones proteinuria

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13
Q

Protein C inhibits which coagulation factors?

A

V and VIII

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14
Q

NO and PGI2 have pro or anti coagulation properties?

A

Anti

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15
Q

When is the drug nadir for carboplatin in dogs vs cats ? For lomustine?

A

Carboplatin
Dogs 7-14 days and cats 7-21 days

Lomustine - 7-28 days

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16
Q

Which chemo drugs should not be given in cats?

A

Cisplatin: fatal pulmonary edema

5-flurouracil: fatal neurotoxicity

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17
Q

Which Ig is most commonly associated with multiple myeloma?

A

G (80% in cats)

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18
Q

What is the difference between curative protocol and palliative protocol?

A

Curative : large number or low dose. Acute side effects

Palliative: small number of high dose. Risk of late toxicity

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19
Q

Which mutation in dogs and in cats can lead to more pronounce side effects from chemotherapy?

A

MDR-1 in dogs

ABCB1-delta in cats

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20
Q

What is Bowen disease?

A

Multicentric SCC

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21
Q

Are plasma cells tumor in cats more bening or aggressive?

A

Agressive as usually systemic

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22
Q

What are the round cells tumors?

A

Lymphoma, mast cell, plasmacytoma, histiocytoma, TVT

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23
Q

Where is the most common location of the most common axial cancer in cats?

A

OSA of Skull and pelvis

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24
Q

Which is the most common metastatic bone cancee?

A

Cats :. From lungs

Dogs: TCC

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25
Q

Which is the most common neoplasia of kidneys in dogs? Cats?

A

Dogs: carcinoma

Cat: lymphoma

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26
Q

Which is the most common uterine cancer in dogs? Cats?

A

Dogs: leiomyoma

Cats: adenocarcinoma

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27
Q

Most immune mediated disease are through Th1 or Th2?

A

Th2

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28
Q

Which coagulation factor does those contain?

FFP
Cryoprecipitate
Plasma

A

FFP - all
Cryoprecipitate - VIII and XIII, vW and fibrinogen
Plasma - vitamin K

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29
Q

How long does it take for release of red blood cells?

A

2-5 days

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30
Q

Polycythemia Vera is associated with which mutatio

A

JAK 2

31
Q

In ITP, to which receptor do antibodies binds to?

A

Fibrinogen receptor GPIIb/IIIa

32
Q

Depletion of high molecular weight vW factor can be associated with which disease?

A

Type 2 hereditary disease (German pointer)
MVD
Aortic stenosis

33
Q

What is the hereditary transmission of pelger-huet?

A

Autosomal dominant

34
Q

Which protozoal can be found in macrophages?

A 
Neospora
Toxoplasma
Cytauxzoon
Leishmania
Hepatozoon
35
Q

What are the criteria for diagnosis of SLE?

A

2 separate manifestation of autoimmunity with positive ANA

3 manifestation of autoimmunity

36
Q

What is the most common ocular neoplasia in cats?

A

Melanoma

37
Q

Use of cryoprecipitate can be done to help manage/ prevent which diseases?

A

Hemophilia A

vW factor

38
Q

Primary hemostatic function in dogs with acute kidney injury, JVIM, 2019, McBride

Dogs with AKI had:

A

Dogs with AKI had:

  • Lower PCV
  • Higher platelets
  • Lower collagen-activated platelet aggregometry
  • Type 2 vW
39
Q

In vitro Inhibition of Canine Complement-Mediated Hemolysis, JVIM, 2018, Hernandez

A

Human C1-INH is a robust inhibitor of canine complement-mediated hemolysis, whereas compstatin was minimally and variably effective

40
Q

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Plasma from Dogs with Immunemediated Hemolytic Anemia, JVIM, 2018

  • cell free DNA
  • his DNA
  • Histone H3
A
  • cell free DNA above reference interval in 17%
  • hisDNA above reference interval in 94%
  • Western blot for citrullinated histone H3 identified detectable bands in 84%
41
Q

Regional Citrate Anticoagulation for Intermittent Hemodialysis in Dogs, JVIM, 2018

A

Regional citrate anticoagulation allows safe and efficient heparin-free hemodialysis in dogs at risk of bleeding but may decrease iCa and result in metabolic deragement

42
Q

Effects of immunosuppressive agents on the hemostatic system in (8) healthy dogs. JVIM 2018. Thomason

Prednisone
Cyclosporine
Azathioprine /mycophenolate
Leflunomide

A

Prednisone
Shortens PT

Cyclosporine
Normal function test (might not influence)

Azathioprine/ mycophenolate: no effect

Leflunomide
antithrombotic (decreased platelet function test)
43
Q

Relationship between cobalamin and folate deficiencies and anemia in dogs”. Stanley. JVIM 2018

A

No relationship between cobalamin or folate and hematologic parameters

44
Q

Detection of naturally occurring alloantibodies by an in-clinic antiglobulin-enhanced and standard crossmatch gel column test in non-transfused domestic short hairs”. Goy-Thollot. JVIM 2018

Blood type
Incompatibilities

A

Blood type
- 69% A - had either no or weak anti-B antibodies

  • 27% type B - ad strong anti-A alloantibodies
  • 4% AB

Incompatibilities 2.2% outside expected AB mismatch

45
Q

Prevalence of naturally occurring non-AB blood type incompatibilities in cats and influence of crossmatch on transfusion outcomes”. McClosky. JVIM 2018

Prevalence of major crossmatch incompatibilities

A

21% had crossmatch incompatibility (did not affect outcome)
* 15% naive cats had some degree of incompatibility

Febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction were most common, especially if stored

46
Q

Use of therapeutic plasma exchange to treat non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug overdose in dogs”. Rosenthal. JVIM 2018

Adverse reaction

A

Adverse reaction in 55%

27% bleeding (higher if hypernatremia at presentation), 18% clot formation, 9% hypotension

47
Q

Effects of 6% tetrastarch or LRS on blood coagulation in hemorrhaged dogs”. Diniz. JVIM 2018

A

TS induced a transient (2-4 hours) hypocoagulable state but does not increase the risk of bleeding compared to LRS

48
Q

Influence of canine donor plasma hemostatic protein concentration on quality of cryoprecipitate”. Drinkhouse. JVIM 2018

Preplasma vs cryo
Greyhound
Factor VIII

A

1) Canine donor’s plasma concentrations of vWF, factor VIII, & fibrinogen are associated with their respective CRYO content (prescreen)
2) CRYO from greyhounds did not differ from other breeds in meeting minimum human blood bank standards for protein concentrations
3) There is variable recovery of factor VIII

49
Q

Glutathione Peroxidase Activity, Plasma Total Antioxidant Capacity, and Urinary F2- Isoprostanes as Markers of Oxidative Stress in Anemic Dogs

A

Glutathione decreased in anemic dogs (indicate oxidative stress)

50
Q

Retrospective Study on the Safety and Efficacy of Leflunomide in Dogs, JVIM, 2017, Sato

Adverse effects
Efficacy
Conclusion

A

Adverse effect is dose dependant
- Diarrhea (3.3%), lethargy (2%), hemorrhage (3%), thrombocytopenia (6.5%), elevated liver enzymes (6%)

Efficacy - 70%

Conclusion - starting dose 2mg/kg/d

51
Q

Blood Transfusions in Dogs and Cats Receiving Hemodialysis: 230 Cases (June 1997–September 2012), JVIM, 2017, Langston

Prevalence
- risk factor
Outcome

A

Cats: 87%
Number of dialysis treatment influenced the need for transfusion

Dogs:32%
Associated with death

52
Q

Cell-Free DNA and DNase Activity in Dogs with Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia, JVIM, 2017, Jeffrey

A

cell-free DNA higher

DNase not different

53
Q

Effects of Leukoreduction and Storage on Erythrocyte Phosphatidylserine Expression and Eicosanoid Concentrations in Units of Canine Packed Red Blood Cells, JVIM, 2017

A

Leukoreduction, storage, and simulated transfusion do not alter erythrocyte PS expression.

Leukoreduction causes an immediate but not-lasting increase in concentrations of TXB2 and PGF2a

Leukoreduction does not decrease the accumulation of 6-keto-PGF1a during storage.

54
Q

Factors Affecting Platelet Concentration in Platelet Concentrates from Canine Blood Donors, JVIM, 2017

A

Platelet concentration associated with predonation CBC, lipemic index and phosphorous levels

55
Q

Hyperhomocysteinemia in Greyhounds and its Association with Hypofolatemia and Other Clinicopathologic Variables, JVIM, 2017, Heilmann

Hypofolatemia
Hyperhoomcysteinemia

A

Hypofolatemia
41% (associated with low B12)

Hyper-homocysteinemia
68% (associated with low folate)

56
Q

Immunophenotype of Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes in Dogs with Inflammatory Bowel Disease, JVIM, 2017, Galler

A

IBD had decreased TCRcd+ T lymphocytes and CD21 + B cells

57
Q

Hereditary methemoglobinemia caused by cytochrome b5 reductase deficiency can be treated with what?

A

Methylene Blue

58
Q

Opportunistic Invasive Cutaneous Fungal Infections Associated with Administration of Cyclosporine to Dogs with Immune-mediated Disease, JVIM, 2017, McAtee

Prevalence and risk factors

A

13% and were greater in male dogs receiving cyclosporine

59
Q

Prevalence of Vector-Borne Pathogens in Southern California Dogs With Clinical and Laboratory Abnormalities Consistent With Immune-Mediated Disease, JVIM, 2017, Kidd

Prevalence of exposure or infection
Testing

A

33% (Ehrlichia, Babesia)

Serology and PCR increased detection in 30% of cases

60
Q

Serum Thymidine Kinase 1, Canine‐C‐Reactive Protein, Haptoglobin, and Vitamin D Concentrations in Dogs with Immune‐Mediated Hemolytic Anemia, Thrombocytopenia, and Polyarthropathy, JVIM, 2017, Grobman

TK1
CRP
Vitamin D

A

TK1
Decreased with well controlled IMHA

CRP
Decreased with well controlled IMHA but not sensitive for IMPA (13%)

Vitamin D
92% had low vitamin D regardless of disease control

61
Q

Thrombocytosis in 715 Dogs (2011–2015), JVIM, 2017, Woolcock

Incidence
Causes

A

Incidence 7%

Causes:
- 56% neoplasia (50% carcinoma, mostly TCC, 35% round cells, mostly lymphoma and sarcoma 12%)

  • Inflammatory (47%)
    immune-mediated (22%), renal/urinary (19%)
  • Endocrine 12% (50% HAC)
62
Q

Stored Canine Whole Blood Units: What is the Real Risk of Bacterial Contamination?, JVIM, 2016, Miglio

Culture
PCR

A

Culture positive in 2/49 (enterococcus, E.coli)

PCR positive 29/49

63
Q

Survey of Two New (Kai 1 and Kai 2) and Other Blood Groups in Dogs of North America, JVIM, 2016, Euler

DEA 1+
Kai

A

DEA 1+
60%

Kai
1+/2- 94%
1-/2- 5%
1-/2+ 1%

64
Q

Effects of Cyclosporine and Aspirin on Platelet Function in Normal Dogs, JVIM, 2016,

A

Low-dose aspirin inhibits cyclosporine-induced thromboxane synthesis, and concurrent use of these medications does not alter the antiplatelet effects of aspirin.

65
Q

Effect of Synthetic Colloid Administration on Coagulation in Healthy Dogs and Dogs with Systemic Inflammation, JVIM, 2015, Gauthier

A

Tetrastarch bolus administration to dogs with systemic inflammation resulted in a transient hypocoagulability characterized by a prolonged APT time, decreased clot formation speed and clot strength, and acquired type 1 von Willebrand disease

66
Q

Evaluation of Iron Deficiency Using Reticulocyte Indices in Dogs Enrolled in a Blood Donor Program

Lower
Higher

A

In dogs donating:
- Lower PCV, HCT, reticulocyte count, reticulocytes MCV, reticulocyte hemoglobin content

  • Higher TIBC

= iron deficient erythropoiesis

67
Q

Predicting Outcome in dogs with Primary Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia: Results of a Multicenter Case Registry, JVIM, 2015, Goggs

Presentation
Outcome
Decreased survival

A

female springer spaniel and cocker spaniels

70% were alived 30 days post diagnostic

Decreased survival

  • CHAOS > 3
  • Model with SIRS + ASA classification, ALT, bilirubin, urea and creatinine
  • ASA > 3, bilirubin, urea, creatinine,
68
Q

Procoagulant Microparticles in Dogs with Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia, JVIM, 2015, Kidd

A

PS+MP PCAa nd TF+MP PCA were increased

69
Q

Demographic characteristics, survival and prognostic factors for mortality in cats with primary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, 2015, Swann

Presentation
Blood work
Prognostics
Primary IMHA

A

Presentation
4 y/o Siamese

Prognostics
Die more if high bilirubin and older
Live more if high lymphocytes and globulin

Primary IMHA

  • Younger
  • Higher lymphocyte
  • Persistent agglutination and ghost cells

Secondary
Lower albumin

70
Q

What is the main reservoir of potassium? Magnesium?

A

K- Skeletal muscle

Mg-bone

71
Q

Which electrolyte derangement can lead to impairment of renal tubules to ADH ?

A

Hypokalemia

72
Q

What is the chemotherapy for thyroid carcinoma ?

A

Cisplatin

73
Q

Which clinical signs should prompt biopsies of a mass at injection site?

A

Persist for longer than 3 months
Larger than 2 cm
Increasing in size 1 month post injection

Specialty Exam (11 decks)

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