Littérature Flashcards
Outcomes following balloon dilation in dogs with urethelial carcinoma: 12 cases (JAVMA, 2019)
Outcome
Recurrence
Complications
- Improvement of instruction in 75% (most of the dogs that did not improve had prostatic carcinoma)
- recurrence in 55% within 48-296 days
- hematuria, urinary incontinence, dysuria
Endoscopic nephrolithotomy for removal of complicated nepthroliths in dogs and cats (JAVMA 2019)
Indication for removal
Caracteristics of neproliths
Outcome
Complications
Indication: calculi displacing the parenchyma (44%), recurent UTI (31%), ureteral outflow obstruction (25%)
Caracteristics: 2.5 cm, 44% mixed, 31% calcium, 12.5% xanthine, 12.5% cystine
Outcome: 100% resolution of complicated stones + improvement of creatinine, 94% nephroliths free
Complications: hemorrhage requiring transfusion, renal capsule tear, ureteral puncture (6% each)
Factors associated with postobstructive diuresis following decrompressing surgery with SUB or stent in cats: 37 cases (JAVMA 2019)
Note: post-obstive diuresis = > 2ml/kg/h
- Factors associated with diuresis
- Survivial to discharge
- Azotemia resolved in how many cats
- When was maximal urine output
Associations:
- CKD - less severe POD
- anuria prior to surgery: longer POD
- Lower BSC, signs of V+/A-: POD more severe
- USG negative correlation with POD and positive correlation with severity
92% survived
50% had resolution of azotemia
Maximal POD: at 12 hours
Can ligation caudal to a vesicovaginal fistula resolve signs of urinary incontinence (JAVMA 2019)?
Yes
Complications and clinical utility of AUS guided pyelocentesis and antegrage pyelography in cats and dogs (48 cases) JAVMA 2019
Diagnostic rate
Complication (minor / major)
Advantage of sampling pelvis over bladder
94%
minor 24% and major 2%
No advantage
Effect of urinary bladder lavage on in-hospital recurrence of urethral obstruction and duration of urinary catheter retention and hospitalization for male cats (JAVMA 2019)
Conclusion
No significant effect of bladder lavage
- Recurrence 13% vs 19% in non-flush
- Duration of U-cath 37 hours vs 36
- Hospitalization: both 3 days
Is ultrasound sensitive for detection of cause and location of ureteral obstruction ? (JAVMA 2019)
Sensitive for detection of ureteroliths
Evaluation of association between U-cath placement and risk of recurrent urethral obstruction in cats (JAVMA 2018)
Recurrence rate between 2 groups
Risks factors for recurrence
Conclusion
11% for inpatient and 31% for outpatient (95% of them was within 1 week)
Risk factor: abnormal urine color at the time of catheter removal
Outpatient care is reasonable alternative
Characterizaton of subclinical bacteriuria, bacterial cystitis and pyelonephritis in dogs with CKD (JAVMA 2018)
Positive urine culture
Most common infectious organism
Was CKD associated with presence of bacteriuria
18.1% of dogs had positive urine culture
(45% subclinical, 40% pyelonephritis, 15% cystitis)
Ecoli (then klebsiella and staph pseudointermedius)
The presence or stage of CKA that not associated with the presence of bacteriuria, which was actually lower than in dogs with other systemic diseases (DM, Cushign’s)
Survival analysis of associations between peridontal disesa and risk of development of CKD in cats (JAVMA 2018)
How many cats developed CKD and was peridontal disease a risk?
Which cats were at greater risks? Lower risks?
1.8% of cats with CKD and increased risk with cats with peridontal disease
Higher risks: purebred, female, undergo anesthesia, having cystitis, older and lower BSC. Lower risk: history of hepatic lipidosis and DM
Effect of refrigeration on urine sample (JAVMA 2018)
significant lower CFU count in samples refrigerated in TSB
Treatment of congenital distal ureteral orifice stenosis by endoscopic laser ablation in dogs: 16 cases (JAVMA 2018)
Presentation
Was treatment succesful
Labrador, with history of incontinence, infection, vomiting and diarrhea. Left side most affected
Treatment successful in all without complication
Associations of patient characteristics, disease, stage and biopsy technique with the diagnostic quality of core needle renal biopsy specimens from dogs with suspected kidney disease (JAVMA 2018)
Dogs with elevated creatinine had better or worse specimen?
Which type of needle is best?
What was the diagnosis in the samples obtain?
What was the complications?
Dogs with creatinine > 5 were more likely to have insufficient specimens sample
16 needle yielded slightly more specimen than 14 and more than 18. Also 16 were less likely to contain medulla
Note: samples obtain via laparotomy/laparoscopy were more likely to contain medulla also
Immune-mediated glomerulonephritis (40.6%), focal segmental to global glomerulosclerosis (18.4%), amyloidosis (12.3%), tubulo-interstitial disease (8.2%), non-immune mediated nephropathy (7.3%)
Present in 3.4% - hematuria was the main
More serious with 14 gauge needle
Clinicopathologic and microbiologic findings associated with emphysematous cystitis in 27 dogs (JAAHA 2018)
Location of gas
Comorbidities
Infectious agent
Wall and lumen (51.9%)
Wall (33%)
Lumen (14.8%)
Diabetes (33%), neurologic disease (26%), adrenal disease (19%)
Does silver coated urinary catheters provide clinical benefits over standard catheters?
No - it is associated with earlier bacteriuria but not UTI
Evaluation of diagnostic utility of cytology of renal FNA from dogs and use of AUS features to inform cytologic diagnosis (JAVMA 2018)
How many specimen adequate for interpretation?
Renal FNA are more useful for which purpose?
72% were adequate
sensitivity/specificity for neoplasia: 78% and 50%
sensitivity/specificity for non-neoplasia: 50% and 77%
Lymphoma had 100% sensitivity
Presence of neoplasia, especially if presence of mass on AUS
Outcome of ureteral stent placement for treatment of benign ureteral obstruction in dogs: 44 cases (JAVMA 2018)
Underlying reason for stenting
Outcome
Complications
- obstructive nephrolithiasis (84%), stricture (9%), both (7%)
- Sucessful in 45/55 via endoscopy and 100% via surgery
Note: median hospitalization 1 day and improvement of creatinine (from 2 to 1.3)
UTI: 59% prior to stenting and 26% after
Treatment of pyonephrosis with a SUB device in four cats (JAVMA 2018)
Outcome?
Cystotomy tube became occluded with purulent materia; 1/4 cats
One cat had persistent bacteriuria without clincia signs
US evaluation of the bladder following cystotomy (JAVMA 2018)
Outcome
Recurrence
Medial wall thickeness of the ventral aspect peaked at 1 day post-op, but was still present after 3 months in 50% of cases
Recurrence of hyperechoic foci occured in 11/18 dogs , with a median of 17 days post-op
Use of SUB for treatment of benign ureteral obstruction in 134 cats (174 devices) (JAVMA 2018)
Underlying cause for SUB
Pre/post op findings of creatinine and pelvic dilation
Complication
Outcome (survival rate)
Ureterolithiasis (65.5%), stricture (16.1%), both 16.7%, pyenephrosis (0.6%)
Note: 39% of cats had bilateral involvement
Pre-op: azotemia in 95% of cats with a creatinine of 6.6 and 3 months post-op 2.6. Pelvic diameter 9.2 pre op and 1.5 post op
Complications: occlusion with blood clots in 8.1%, device leakage in 3.5%, kinking in 4.6%. Most common long term was catheter mineralization in 24.2% 463 days after placement (especially if high iCa post-op)
Survival rate 94%
Long term complication:
Is cystoscopic-guided laser ablation of an orthotopic ureterocele secondary to ureterovesicular stenosis a safe and effective treatment ? (JAVMA 2018)
Yes
Clinical performance of commercial point-of-care urine culture system for detection of bacteriuria? (JAVMA 2018)
Usefulness
Limitations
All results for stroed cultures were identical to those from reference lab (sensitivity 93%, specificity 100%)
77-58% of bacteria were correctly identified and 39% antimicrobial susceptibility were accurate - inaccuracy of some antimicrobial
Which group of cats with SUB or sent had lower risk of complications and longer survival time? (JAVMA 2018)
SUB
Should urinary tract obstruction be considered as a differential for cats with pleural effusion? (JAVMA 2018)
Yes - removal of hydronephrotic kidney was curative
Comparison of BSC and UA variable between dogs with and without CaOx (JAVMA 2016)
UA pH vs age or CaOx
Characteristics of dogs with CaOx
UA - pH negatively associated with age, not associated with BCS or presence of CaOx
Dogs with CaOx - greater BSC, hematuria and proteinuria
Urine sample submitted for immediate quantitative bacterial culture should be transported in which tube? If going to be stored at room temperature? (JAVMA 2016)
plain sterile
UTTs
Perioperative morbidity and long-term outcome of nephrectomy in feline donors: 141 cases (JAVMA 2016)
How many cats had no associated long term effect?
84% had no associated long-term effect
7% developed renal insufficiency or diet of urinary tract disease
Outcome in cats with benign ureteral obstruction treated by means of ureteral stenting vs ureterotomy (JAVMA 2016)
What was the outcome of cats with stents
Significantly greater decrease in BUN and creatinine concentration 1 day post-op
Is poviodine iodine sclerotherapy an effective renal-sparing treatment for idiopathic renal hematuria in dogs ? (JAVMA 2016)
Yes
Was percutaneous fluoroscopic assisted perineal approach succesful in allowing access to the pelvic urethra? Complications ?
Yes and no complications
Outcome of ureteral surgery and stenting in cats: 117 cases (JAVMA 2016)
Complications stent vs surgery (perioperatve and long term)
Mortality rate
Reobstruction
Perioperative: higher with stent (14%) than without (3%)
Long term: chronic lower urinary tract disease/ infection more common in cats with stents
Similar (8 and 9%) mortality rates and similiar reobstruction (22%)
Use of percutaneously controlled hydraulic occluder for treatment of refractory urinary incontinence in 3 female cats (JAVMA 2016)
Outcome
Complications
Allpatients had complete continence
Complications: urethral tear (1), constipation (1), stranguria (1), hematuria (2) and UTI (2)
CT for measurement of kidneys in dogs without kidney disease (JAVMA 2016)
Measures
Kidney:aorta ratio
Kidney:L2 ratio
Kidney:aorta ratio - 7.4
Kidney:L2 ratio - 2.7
Comparison of foods for long-term management of acute nonobstructive idiopathic cystitis in cats (JAVMA 2015)
Recurrence
8 times less if eating C/D
Note: wet had lower USG, and lower pH
Are UPC samples with manual compression a reliable alternative to cystocentesis? (JAVMA 2015)
Yes, if taken midstream and provided that postrenal proteinuria was excluded
Can SUB be consider for renal decompression in kitten with iatrogenic ureteral ligation? (JAVMA 2015)
Yes
Restrospective associations between obstruction and renomegaly, USG and creatinie in cats: 29 cases
Is renomegaly associated with ureteral obstruction
No - and abdominal palpation was not a reliable method for detection
Double pigtail ureteral stenting and renal pelvic lavage for renal-sparing treatment of obstructive pyonephrosis in dogs: 13 cases (JAVMA 2015)
Complications
During surgery
Short term
Long term
During surgery - 2/13 (stent oclusion, wire penetration of ureter)
Short term - bladder hematoma (1) and dysuria (1)
Long term - stent encrustation (1), migration (1), tissue proliferation at ureterovesicular junction without clinical signs (5), recurrent UTI (7)
Influence of anesthesia variables on short-term and overall surival rates in cats undergoing renal transplantation (JAVMA 2015)
Which factors reduce survival
Which factor increase survival
Which factors reduce survival - prolonged anesthesia, older than 12 years, saturation < 90% during surgery
Which factor increase survival - opoid reversal, high HCT
Associations of diet and breed with recurrentce CaOx (JAVMA 2015)
Which breed is more at risk
Miniature Shnauzer had 3 more times risks of recurrence
Electrophoretic patterns of proteinuria in feline spontaneous chronic kidney disease (JFMS 2019)
What was the pattern for cats with
- At risk
- CKD
Was proteinuria associated with progression of CKD?
Which type of main pathological feature is seen in cats with CKD
At risk: glomerular pattern (84%) or none (12%)
CKD: glomerular (54%), mixed (29.5%), tubular (11.4%)
Not associated with progression of CKD
Tubular interstitial nephritis
Efficacy of oral potassium supplementation in cats with kidney disease (JFMS 2019)
Does it work ? If so, which formulation is the best ?
Was potassium citrate efficient in correcting acidosis ?
Yes - 36/37 had increased in K, but only 24 increased over 4
No, no difference in pre and post bicarbonate
Age-based ultrasound criteria for diagnosis of autosomal dominant PKD in Persian cats (JFMS 2019)
How many cysts were needed for diagnosis: < 15 months 16-32 months 33-49 months 50-66 months
What other changes were present?
< 15 months - at least one
16-32 months - 2 or more
33-49 months - at least 3
50-66 months - 4 or more
Higher longitude, increased cortical echogenicity, irregular contour and corticomedullary blurring, higher calcium
Specific immunoassay for detection of feline kidney injury molecule 1 (JFMS 2019)
Which assay is sensitive and specific for KIM1?
What did KIM-1 do ?
LFA
Marked through transient increase in cats with sepsis and urethral obstruction associated AKI
Factors associated with hematuric struvite crystalluria in cats (JFMS 2019)
Increased odds if -
Young cat fed dry diet, un-neutered, thin BSC, cystitis, elevated UPC, alkalinne urine pH, pyuria or bacteuria
Investiation of hallmarks of carbonyls stress and formation and product in feline CKD as markers of uremic toxin (JFMS 2019)
What was the conclusion?
High concentration of both intermediate and end product of carbonyl/oxidative stress were detected in CKD
(malondialdehyde and hexanoyl-lysine)
Recurrent episodes of feline lower urinary tract disease with different causes: possible clinical implications (JFMS 2019)
Is the different episodes usually related to the same isssue ?
No, cats presented with different causes at different times.
Total serum magnesium in cats with CKD and nephrolithiasis (JFMS 2019)
What was the change in Mg seen in cats with CKD?
Which subset of cats had the highest mortality?
Was the presence of Mg changes associated with nephrilithiasis?
What was other electrolytes abnormalities associated with Mg
Hypermagnesemia in 38.1% and hypomagnesemia in 14.3%
(Note: marked hypermagnesemia noted in CKD 4 with nephroliths)
Cats with nephrolithiasis and abnormal magnesium had higher mortality rates
NO difference in total Mg between CKD cats with and without nephrolithiasis
Negative correlation with Ca and positive correlation with Mg
Ultrasonographic findings in cats with AKI (JFMS 2019)
What were the US findings?
The presence of retroperitoneal fluid was associated with what?
Most common: nephromegaly, pyelectasia and increased echogenicity
(Note: 6.7% were normal)
Oliguria and anuria
Water intake in laboratory cats from still, free-falling and ciculating water bowls and its effects of urine parameters (JFMS 2018)
What was similar?
What was different?
Similar; daily intake, urine volume, RSS, struvites and calcium
Different: urine somolalit was higher in cats with circulating water bowl
Feline idiopathic cystitis in Seoul (JFMS 2018)
What were the 5 risks factors ?
Absence of vantage point (4.6), cohabiting with cats (3.1), non-clumping litter (2.6), apartment (2.5) and male (2.3)
Feline urine metabolomic signature: characterization of LMW (JFMS 2018)
Dominated by carbohydrate, carbohydrate conjugate, organic acid and derivatives, aminoacids and analogs
(similar to their food)
US findings in cats with and without azotemia (JFMS 2018)
What were the characteristic for cats with and without?
What were the findings on AUS that would suggest AKI?
Without: lenght 4 cm, higher in male and on the right side
With: higher pelvis diameter, kidneys either larger or smaller
Perinephric fluid (26), small kidney (8), hyperechoic renal cortex (4), loss of corticomedullary differentiation (4), renal calculi (2.7), enlargeed kidneys (2.5), dilated renal pelvis (1.6)
Effect of a high phosphorus diet on indication of renal health in cats (JFMS 2018)
What were the changes seen in cats fed a high phosphorus diet?
Glucosuria and microalbuminuria - 70%
Higher BUN and calcium
Decreased creatinine clearance
Increased renal phosphorus excretion
Evaluation of three herbal components (San Ren Tang, Wei Ling Tand and Alisma) for management of LUTD in healthy cats (JFMS 2018)
No differences
on analyte excretions, urine volume, pH or urinary saturation
No side effects
Evaluate the potential use of renal resistive index as preliminary diagnostic tool for CKD in cats (JFMS 2018)
What is the cut-off ? Should both kidneys be measure
Cut-off of 0.639
Only one kidney is sufficient
Can contrast-enhanced CT-scan can provide qualitative and quantitative data regarding renal allograft perfusion ? (JFMS 2018)
Yes
Measurements of renal function in evaluating its decline in cats (JFMS 2018)
Was there within-indivudual variability?
Yes, lower variability of creatinine in azotemic cat and higher GFR variabililty
As such, GFR is more useful monitoring marker in non-azotemic cats and creatinine for azotemic cats
Effect of acid-suppressant therapy on clinicopathologic parameters of cats with CKD (JFMS 2018)
Can cats of PPI therapy develop alteration in electrolytes ?
cats with CKD receiving PPI developed increased in blood sodium +/- decrease in magnesium
SDMA and creatinine in Birman cats (JFMS 2018)
SDMA was higher than reference in 20% and creatinine higher in 40%
SQ fluid practices in cats with CKD (JFMS 2018)
What was the stage the most represented?
Were owners ok with SQ fluids?
Which size of needle?
Stage III (37%)
85% said it was ok for them and 89% ok for their cats
20G
Ultrasound in diagnosis and management of cats with ureteral obstruction (JFMS 2018)
Presentation ?
Did pyelography confirm the suspicion for obstruction?
Death in hospital was associated with what?
7 years, clinical signs 7 days, creatinine 417
Pyelography positive for obstruction in 71% of suspicion
Death associated with peritoneal fluid and serum creatinine
Evaluation of renal pelvis in cats with ureteral obstruction treated with a SUB: 27 cases (JFMS 2018)
Was retroperitoneal or peritoneal effusion commonly seen?
What improved after SUB placement ?
Rarely seen
Improvement in hyperechogenicity of perirenal adipose tissue and decrease in width of pelvis (11.7 –> 2.7 –> 1.7)
Electrophoretic method to detect albuminuria (JFMS 2017)
HRE
UAC
HRE - accurate and precise, and also provide information on urine protein with a profile
UAC correctly classify proteinuria and discreminate between healthy and diseased cats
Urine protein, UPC and N-acetyl-B-D-glucosamidase in cats with idiopathic cystitis vs healty (JFMS 2017)
What was higher in cats with cystitis ?
Protein (4x), UPC (5x) and NAG (2)
Subclinical bacteiuria in cats (JFMS 2017)
Prevalence, organism ?
Risk factors
Prevalence 6.2% - E.coli (58%), enterococcus (25%)
Female, bacteiuria, pyuria, abnormal sediment, lower urine specific gravity and presence of CKD
Overall conclusion: little indication to perform culture in a cat with no clinical signs and inactive sediment
Risk and protective factors in cats with CKD (JFMS 2017)
Decrease risk: dry cat food, filetered water and indoor
Increase risk: male (2.8), tap water (3.4), outdoor (3.77)
Renal pelvic and ureteral US characteristics of cats with CKD vs normal or pyelonephritis or obstruction (JFMS 2017)
Conclusion
CKD cats should have baseline US so that abnormalities documented during uremic crisis can be better interpreted
(no significant differences in pelvic width between cats - except with UO)
Placement of SUB without fluoroscopy guidance (JFMS 2017)
Was the procedure sucessful ?
What were complications ? (SUB vs surgery)
Outcome ? (SUB vs surgery)
Sucessful in all cats (1 kinked and one misplaced)
Complications:
SUB - anemia 2/13, UTI 4/13, cystitis 5/13, obstruction 1/13
Surgery - anemia 7/10, UTI 6/10,m cystitis 1/10, obstruction 4/10, stricture 1/10
76.9% of cats with SUB and 40% of surgery were still alive
Renal abscess in 6 cats (JFMS 2017)
Clinical findings
Surgery or medical treatment?
Lethargy, dehydration, abdominal pain, nephromegaly and fever in 50%
Medical seems preferable
Diagnostic utility of FNA cytology and ultrasound in cats (JFMS 2017)
Diagnostic samples in ? which one were more likely to yield a diagnostic samples ?
68%
More likely if subcapsular renal infiltrate or diffuse renal enlargement without pelvic dilation (100%), infiltrative/nodular changes (84%)
Cytology was 100% sensitive and specific for neoplasia (whether carcinoma or lymphoma)
The presence of a mass was non-neoplastic in 20%
Effects of adipose-derive allogenic stem cells for treatment of CKD (JFMS 2017)
Conclusion
No adverse effect and not useful (no change in creatnine, BUN, K, Ph, GRF or UPC)
Efficacy of intravesical pentosan polysulfate sodim in cats with obstructive cystitis (JFMS 2017)
Conclusion
No influence of recurrence or clinical signs
Evaluation of meloxicam for treatment of obstructive feline idiopathic cystitis (JFMS 2016)
Conclusion
Did not influence the incidence or recovery
Was the resistive index for kidney evaluation in normal and diseased cats a valuable tool for diffuse renal disease? (JFMS 2016)
Yes
What are the risks factors for idiopathic cystitis in Norwegian cats ? (JFMS 2016)
Overweight and nervous
Use of maropitant for management of vomiting and inappetence in cats with CKD (JFMS 2015)
Conclusion
Decrease in vomiting
No change in appetite, activity, creatinine or weight
No adverse effects
Management of AKI with continuous venovenous hemofiltration in cats (JFMS 2015)
Conclusion
Effective in controlling uremic signs
No major complications
Factors affecting USG in healthy cats (JFMS 2015)
Which factors affected USG?
Age (increase = decrease USG)
Moisture in diet (decreases USG)
Female (decreases USG)
In-house (lower than lab)
Routine kdiney variable, GFR and cystatine C in cats with DM, CKD and healthy (JFMS 2015)
DM vs CKD
DM had lower creatnine (123 vs 243) and BUN (11 vs 18) and lower urine cystatin.
DM had higher USG and GFR
Correlation of gross urine color with diagnostics findings in male cats with ureteral obstruction (JFMS 2015)
Factors associated with darker urine ?
More likely to be azotemic, more significant metabolic deragement and negative correlation with USG
Is FGF-23 and idoxyl sulfate associated with phosphate and CKD ? (JVIM 2019)
Yes
Aminoacid status in dogs witn PLN (JVIM 2019)
Presentation
AA profile
9.4 years, mix breed/labrador/fox terrier/Yorkie. UPC 4.8, 23% had hypoalbuminemia
PLN dogs had lower concentration of essential AA (leucine, threonine, histidine) and non-essential AA (glycine, proline, asparaginase, tyrosine, hydroxyproline and serine)
Efficacy of 2 treatement for preventing recurrence of signs in male cats with obstructive cystitis (JVIM 2019)
Heart rate was predictive of which abnormality ?
Overall recurrence rate ?
Did meloxicam help?
Hyperkalemia
24% for FIC and 15% for obstruction
No
Diagnostic value of SDMA, cystatin C and creatinine for detection of decreased GFR (JVIM 2019)
What was the sensitivity of SDMA and creatinine for detection of abnormal GFR?
Was cystatin C as good ?
90%
Cystatin 72% - lower
Is Idexx sedivue good ? (JVIM 2019)
Good aggrement with lab, but need improvement for epithelial cells
Which simplified method for measuring GFR of dogs with CKD granted the best measure? (JVIM 2019)
180 minutes sampling
Endoscopic laser ablation for treatment of orthotopic and ectopic ureterocels in dogs (JVIM 2019)
Which ureterocel was the most frequent
Did incontinence and pollakiuria resolved
Ectopic with stenoic or imperforated
Clinical signs resolved in 8/9, but imaging showed resolution in all
Evaluation of CaOx in dogs in US (JVIM 2019)
Prevalence
High risk / low risk
Mean age
48%
High risk = small breeds and low risk = large breed
Age was 8 years - start screening around 5-6
Bacteriuria in dogs with CKD: 201 cases (JVIM 2019)
Prevalence, isolate
Risk factors
32% of dogs with CKD (even stage 1) had positive culture
(only 8% were clinical)
E.coli in 67%
Risk factors: female (3.2), isosthenuria (2.5), positive leukocytes and presence of micro-organism
Predicting early risk of CKD in cats using laboratory test (JVIM 2019)
Creatinine, BUN, USG and age can predict with sensitivity of 90.7% and specificity of 98.9%
Relashionship among of UPC, USG and bacteriuria in canine samples (JVIM 2019)
Weak correlation between UPC and USG
Positive culture did not aggree with abnormal UPC
Risk factors for Candida UTI in dogs and cats (JVIM 2019)
ATB within 30 dogs (dogs and cats), immunosuppression (dogs), lower urinary tract disease other than UTI (cats)
Risk factors for positive urine culture in cats with SUB and stent (JVIM 2019)
Prevalence and isolate
Was post-op U-cath associated with positive culture?
11% positive
Enterococcus (38%), E.coli (19%), Staph (13%)
No association
Does SDMA correlates better than creatinine with renal function in dogs with CKD stage 4 undergoing IF and IH?
Yes
Fecal microbiome and indoxyl sulfate and p-cresol suldate in cats with CKD (JVIM 2019)
Conclusions
Cats with CKD and decreased fecal bacterial diversity
Higher IS concentration for cats with stage 2-4 CKD
Use of tEDTA for treatment of SUB device mineralization (JVIM 2019)
Conclusion
Resolution in all 8 SUBs
uNGAL in dogs with kidney diseaes (JVIM 2019)
Conclusion
uNGAL can be useful to predict risk of progression in dogs with CKD (higher with progressive, lower with prerenal azotemia)
Variability of first morning urine in 103 healthy dogs (JVIM 2019)
Conclusion
Important variation (0.015)
Vitamin D metabolism in dogs with and without CaOx (JVIM 2019)
Conclusion
Decrease conversion of 25(OH) to 24,25(OH)2D in a subset of dogs
Clinical histopathology, cystoscopy and FISH analysis of proliferative urethritis in 22 dogs (JVIM 2018)
Presentation
Results of histopathology
FISH results
German Shepherd
Lymphoplasmacytic (41%), lymphoplasmacytic + neutrophilic (27%), pleocellular (18%) and neutrophilic (14%)
Note: none had pyogranulomatous
FISH positive in 53% even with negative urine and tissue culture negative
Serum cytokine profiling in cats with cystitis (JVIM 2018)
Which 4 cytokines were increased ?
IL-12, CXCL12, IL-18 and Flt3L
Serological test for early detection of lepto antibodies in dogs (JVIM 2018)
Seroconversion detected in how many dogs by day 7 ? day 10 ?
Day 87.5% and 100%
SDMA concentration as marker for masked CKD in cats with hyperthyroidism (JVIM 2018)
How many became azotemix 4-8 months after I-131 treatment? What were their characteristics ?
Did SDMA had a good sensitivity to predict development of CKD
What was fairly sensitive to predict azotemia ?
How many cats developed hypothyroidism?
- 16% became azotemic (older, lower BSC, higher pre-tx creatinine, BUN, SDMA and lower USG)
- SDMA had a low (33%) sensitivity
- Pretreatment USG < 1,035
- 20% developed hypothyroidism, but only 2% needed treatment
Beraprost sodium treatmetn for cats with CKD (JVIM 2018)
Conclusion
Creatinine did not increase if they received beraprost (vs placebo, where it did increase over the 6 months period)
Appetite, physical activity were improved if received beraprost
Overall safe and well tolerated
Pyelonephritis in dogs: 47 cases (JVIM 2018)
Clinical signs ? Did they all have azotemia? How many had evidence on AUS? Culture results? Most common predisposing factor ?
A- (57%), lethargy (51%), vomiting (36%), dehydration (25%). Only 21% had signs of UTI
Absence of azotemia should not preclude the diagnosis
US evidence in 72%
Culture positive in 79% - E.coli
Most common predisposing factor is neooplastic disease unrelated to urogenital tract
Effects of fenoldopam on kidney functions in dogs with heatstroke (JVIM 2018)
Conclusion
No difference in mortality or kidney function
cPL and outcomes in dogs with hemdialysis AKI (JVIM 2018)
Conclusion
62% had elevated cPL, but did not affect survival
Calcitonin in cats with hypercalcemia and CKD (JVIM 2018)
Does calcitonin appears to have a role in calcium metabolism in cats with CKD ?
No
Note: correlate negatively with ALP
Dogs with biofilm forming E.coli UTI (JVIM 2018)
Prevalence and characteristic
52.6% - less likely to be drug resistant
Is single, averaged or pooled UPC better?
All comparable
Can CT-enhanced contrast detect perfusion changes in cats with CKD
Yes
Detection of morbillivirus and paramyxovirus in geriatric cats with/without CKD (JVIM 2018)
Conclusion
No significant differences between groups (43% azotemic positive and 73% nonazotemic)
Infection does not appear to be associated with development of CKD
Can an eGFR formulation that adjust creatinine for muscle mass provide an accurate estimate of GFR ? (JVIM 2018)
No
Does storage temperature or container affects UPC results ? (JVIM 2018)
No
Is live biotherapeutic product safe in dogs with or without UTI? (JVIM 2018)
Yes
Which factors are associated with survival in dogs with CKD ? (JVIM 2018)
BSC < 4 Muscle atrophy Increased creatinine Hyperphosphatemia Elevated UPC or CaPP or FGF-23
Effect of urine concentration and pH on growth of E.coli (JVIM 2018)
In which samples were the lowest CFU observed ?
Alkaline (pH 8.5) and concentrated (1.030)
Influence of CKD on structural and mechanical properties of canine bone (JVIM 2018)
Which changes were noted in dogs with CKD?
Was is clinical?
Smaller lacuna size, resorption cavity density, higher porosity
Not clinical
Urethral senting using radiographs for guidance (JVIM 2017)
Causes for stenting ?
Was the procedure succesful ?
Complication ?
TCC, prostatic carcinoma, HSA, proliferativ urethritis, vaginal leomyosarcoma, sphincter dyssynergia
Yes, in all cases
2 complications included penetration of urethral wall and improper placement
Use of darbe to stimulate erythropoiesis in treatment of anemia from CKD in dogs (JVIM 2017)
Which dose is best, and at which interval?
What were the complications?
- 8 ug/kg SC weekly, not less than q21 days
* * Improved PCV in 85% within 3-4 weeks
Hypertension (36%), seizures (15%), vomiting (9%), diarrhea (9%), PRCA (6%)
Acute phase proteins and iron status in cats with CKD (JVIM 2017)
What were the changes seen with CKD
What were the correlation with creatinine
Did any of those changes correlate with survival
CKD: higher SAA + hepcidin, lower iron + TIBC. 37% were anemic with lower TIBC
Creatinine correlates with SAA and hepcidin
No changes in survival
Those results suggest systemic inflammation and altered iron metabolism
Association between vitamin D metabolites with PTH, FGF-23, calcium and phosphorus in dogs with CKD (JVIM 2017)
Conclusion
Vitamin D metabolite concentration were significantly lower in dogs with CKD 3 and 4 and were negatively correlated with PTH, FGF-23 and phosphorus
Changes in creatinine and AKI in dogs treated with hetastarch (JVIM 2017)
Conclusion
AKI grade not different, except if use for > 10 days
Is CKD a risk to hypercalcemia (JVIM 2017)
Yes and most cats will have concurrent iCa elevation
Benazepril for survival of dogs with CKD (JVIM 2017)
Conclusion
No benefit for survival, but significant decrease in UPC
Is hetastarch associated with AKI for cats ? (JVIM 2017)
No - neither dose nor number of day
Is their difference in gastric pH and gastrin in cats with CKD ? (JVIM 2017)
No
FGF-23 in dogs with CKD (JVIM 2017)
What was FGF-23 associated with
Increased severity of CKD (stage 3-4 vs 1-2)
NGAL and UNCR in cats with CKD (JVIM 2017)
What were they correlated with
Cutoff values
NGAL and UNCR higher in CKD and correlated with creatinine –> UNCR associated with faster deterioration
uNGAL 2.06 UNCR 4.08
SDMA in dogs with AKI or CKD (JVIM 2017)
Conclusion
Higher in both categories (cannot differentiate)
Proteinuria in healthy ederly dogs (JVIM 2017)
What was the prevalence of proteinuria?
Proteinuria (11%), borderline proteinuria (14%), 75% were non-proteinuric
Of those, proteinuria persisted in 19%
RAAS in greyhounds and non-grehounds (JVIM 2017)
Which parameters were higher in greyhounds? Lower?
Creatinine, sodium, SDMA higher
Aldosterone lower
Bacteriuria in chronically paralyzed dogs (JVIM 2017)
Prevalence
35/47 had at least one positive culture
Urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in 163 neutered female dogs (JVIM 2017)
risk factors
Dogs > 25 kg spayed before their first year of age
Urinary F2-isoprostanes in cat with CKD stage 1-4 (JVIM 2017)
Conclusion
Decrease from stage 1 to 4 and inversely correlated with creatinine
Urine and serum biomarkers with renal damage and survival in dogs with proteinuric CKD (JVIM 2016)
Which correlated with glomerular damage
Which correlated with tubular damage
Factors associated with survival
-Glomerular damage : IgM_Fe, IgG_Fe
Note: IgM/creatinine and uNAG/creatinine had higher sensitivity (75%) and specificity (78%) for IMGN
- Tubular damage: creatinine
- Survival: creatinine IgM_FE and severity of damage on TEM
Fenoldopam infusion on GFR and FeNa (JVIM 2016)
Effects
Increases GFR and FeNa
Is cystatine C a reliable marker of reduced GFR in cats ? (JVIM 2016)
No
Weight loss in cats with CKD (JVIM 2016)
Presentation - age and stage
Weight loss
survival factor
14.9 years
6% stage 1, 61% stage 2, 25% stage 3 and 9% stage 4
Cat loss 8.9% of body year in the year prior to diagnosis (early marker of CKD)
Cats < 4.2 kg had shorter survival time
How often is hypothermia present in cats and dogs with uremia ? (JVIM 2016)
38% of cats, 20.5 % in dogs
What are the risk factors for development of CKD in cats ?
Annual vaccination and dental disease
Subclinical bacteriuria in older cats and its association with survival (JVIM 2016)
Also prevalence
Not associated with survival
Prevalence 10-13%
UNCR as marker for identification of AKI and recovery in dogs with gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity (JVIM 2016)
Was it helpful?
Detect AKI earlier with UNCR, and improved 2 days earlier than creatinine
Relashionship between body mass and renal biomarkers in dogs (JVIM 2015)
Creatinine, but not SDMA are influenced by body weight
BUT SDMA is influence by time of food
ATB susceptibility pattern with UTI in dogs (JVIM 2015)
Bacterial isolates?
What was associated with bacterial resistance ?
Which isolate showed the most frequent resistance
Isolate: E.coli (52%), then Staph (13.6) then enterococcus (13.3%)
Resistance: administration of amoxi, doxy or fluoroquinolone (but not clavamox)
E,coli and Staph were associated more frequently with resistance
Serum and urine SAA in Abyssinian with amyloidosis (JVIM 2015)
Was SAA and UPC useful for early detection of amyloidosis ?
Not, but uSAA is
Outcome of cats with obstruction from circumcaval ureter (JVIM 2015)
Same outcome than obstruction with good long term prognosis
Note: right in 80%
Compare UPC from home and hospital (JVIM 2015)
hospital samples were higher in 50%
Efficacy of long-term telmisartan and benazepril in cats with CKD (JVIM 2015)
Is telmisartan inferior to benazepril ?
Noninferior - UPC in groups with telmisartan was lower
Does extracellular fluid volume is different in azotemic cats ? (JVIM 2015)
Does not differ than healthy cats
Urinary calcium to creatinine and oxalate-to-creatinine ratios in dogs with CaOx urolithiasis (JVIM 2015)
UCa/Cr ratio is ____ in dogs with CaOx
UCa/Cr ratio is higher in dogs with CaOx
GFR, Urine production, fractional clearance of electrolytes in AKI in dogs (JVIM 2015)
What was associated with oucome
Markers of renal recovery
Not GFR, fractional clearance of Na decrease in the survival group
Increased GFR, increased urine production, decreased FC of Na
Iron status of cats with CKD (JVIM 2015)
Conclusion
Iron binding capacity was significantly lower in CKD
Is plasma FGF-23 a prognostic indicator in cats with CKD (JVIM 2015)
Yes
Long-term outcome and risk factors associated with death or the need for revision surgery in dogs with permanent tracheostomies (JAVMA 2019)
Presentation
Complications
Presentation: dyspnea (58%), stridor (10%), coughing/collapse (9%)
Complications: 61%
Aspiration pneumonia (19%), skinfold occlusion (19%), stoma stenosis (17%)
35% needed revision surgery - more likely if brachycephalic
MST 5 years
Lung AUS in dogs with cough (JAVMA 2019)
Underlying cases
Changes on US with pneumonia, neoplasia, CHF
Causes: dynamic airway collapse (37%), CHF (12%), bronchitis (10%), pneumonia (7%)
Pneumonia: subpleural shred signs
Neoplasia: subpleural nodule signs
CHF: B-lines (score > 10 on > 2 sites)
* Sensitivity 92% and specificity 94%
Outcome for dogs with stent placement for tracheal collapse (JAVMA 2019)
Underlying reason for collapse
Survival: to discharge and MST (along with risk factors)
Outcome
Complication
51% malformation and 49% traditional collapse
Survival: 90% for MST 1005 days (younger male had longer survival)
Outcome: improvement of cough (89%) or raspy breathing (84%)
Complication: stent fracture and ingrowth which required additional stent in 47%
Causes of pleural effusion in cats (JAVMA 2018)
Clinical signs Diagnosis Association- Age Birman
Clinical signs: dyspnea (45%), dysorexia (20%)
Diagnosis:
- CHF (41%) - from Hyperthyroidism in most cases, lower temperature and male
- Neoplasia (25%)
Association
- Youger with FIP, trauma and lymphoma
- Older with CHF, neoplasia, uremic pleuritis and idiopathic chylothorax
- Birman and FIP
Treatment of benign nasopharyngeal stenosis and imperate nasopharynx in dogs and cats: 48 cases (JAVMA 2018)
- Presentation and main diagnosis (dogs vs cats)
- Outcome per treatment (balloon vs stent)
- Complication
Presentation: dog 1 year, cat 3 years. All animals had stertor
Diagnosis: dog 50% each cat 90% had stenosis
Treatment:
Balloon: success in 41% (never if stenosis and only if caudal third)
Stent: success in 78% (100% if covered metallics, more likely if cat, if stenosis and if causal)
Complication: 68%
Most common if unconvered (more tissue ingrowth). Also infection and fracture. Fistula if covered
Restrospective study on aspiration pneumonia in 3 brachycephalic breeds (JAVMA 2018)
- Presentation
- Risk factors
- Susceptibility
- Surivival rate
Presentation:
- brachycephalic had overall higher prevalence of aspiration pneumonia (1.9% vs 0.46%)
- Age: 7 months (except for Pugs who were 7 years)
Risk factors
- GI signs (66%) except for pug (neurological signs)
Pathogens: Pasteurella, E.coli and Staph and bordetella. Susceptible to baytril (100%) and clavamox (87%)
Survival: 78% (less if older)
CT-scan for diagnosis of bronchic bronchitis (JAVMA 2018)
Accuracy, sensitivity and specificity
Was the bronchial wall thickness to pulmonary artery diameter accurate?
Accuracy 57%, sensitivity 46% and specificity 90%
Not accurate
Does the addition of cisterna chyli ablation to thoracic duct ligation plus subphrenic pericardiectomy is a good idea? (JAVMA 2018)
No - add significant duration to procedure without improved outcome
Effect of brachycephalic and BSC on respiratory regulation (JAVMA 2017)
Both airway conformation and BSC had impact on thermoregulation, (BSC had highest impact)
Lung torsion in 7 juvenile dogs (JAVMA 2017)
Presentation
BW changes
Lung lobe most commonly affected
Outcome
Young male pugs with dyspnea and lethargy
BW: leukocytosis, anemia
Left cranial lung lobe was most commonly affected
All dogs survived
CT-scan for stereotactic biopsy system - does it work ? (JAVMA 2016)
Biopsies were safely collected from masses within the nasal and sinus passages of dogs by use of CTSBS allowing definitive diagnosis
Should dog with coughing along by examine for laryngeal paralysis ? (JAVMA 2015)
19% of cough examine for cough alone and laryngeal dysfunction
Effects of twice daily famciclovir administration on infectious upper respiratory disease in shelter (JFMS 2019)
Reduces viral shedding but do not prevent or reduce clinical signs
Upper respiratory infections and disease in Australia (JFMS 2019)
Prevalence and presentation
URI in 49% (43% were < 1 year)
Mycoplasma 21.5%, calicivirus 16%, both 13.4% and herpesvirus 7%
Is a litterbox the best sample to diagnose Aelurostrongylus abstrusus ? (JFMS 2019)
No - L1 survival was decreased in cats with litter (80% of larva dead by 3 hours)
Clinical and imaging findings in cats with single and mixed lungworm infection (JFMS 2019)
Conclusion
Most common radiographic/CT-scan abnormalities
Mixed infection showed higher clinical signs
Rads: multifocal interstitial and bronchial pattern
Ct-scan: main lesions with Aelurostrongulosis were multiple nodules
What histopathologic changes are seen with toxocara canis in puppies? (JFMS 2019)
Parasitic pneumonia with necrotizing hepatitis and pancreatitis
Restrospective analysis of pleural effusion in cats (JFMS 2019)
- Diagnosis
Cardiac disease (35%) - had lower body temperature, higher ALT, lower protein and nucleated cells in pleural fluid Neoplasia (31%), pyothorax (had lower BG) (9%), FIP (8.5%) (younger), chylothorax
Anesthetic complication during bronchoscopy? (JFMS 2018)
Desaturation (30%)
use of E-tube or laryngeal mask lowers risk (vs tracheal catheter) as does the use of terbutalline pre-op
Pneumothorax (2.5%), with cardiac arrest in 1.3%
Pleural lymphocytic-rich transudate in cats (JFMS 2018)
- Diagnosis
Cardiac disease (70%) and neoplasia (24%) (either mediastinal lymphoma, carcinoma, thoracic mass)
Single and mixed feline lungworm infection (JFMS 2017)
Presentation
Radiographs
Prognosis
Outdoor
Coughing, dyspnea, tachypnea
Rads: interstitial or bronchial pattern
25/26 recovered
Positive and expiratory pressure and 30% inspired oxygen on pulmonary mechanics and atelectasia in cats BAL (JFMS 2017)
What was seen following BAL?
What gave better aeration (less atelectasis)
Increase in airway resistance and decrease in lung compliance
30% oxygen
Tracheobronchial FB in cats: 22 cases (JFMS 2017)
Presentation
Diagnosis:
Location
4 y/o with coughing (75%)
Thoracic radiographs allowed diagnosis in 92%
50% in tracheal (mineralized or undetermined FB) and 50% in bronchial tree (mostly vegetal), mostly right caudal bronchus
Follow-up in dogs with idiopathic bronchopneumopathy treated with fluticasone (JFMS 2016)
Fluticasone resulted in decrease severity and frequency of cough in all dogs within 1 months, but sometime relapse occurred.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome in dogs and cats: 54 cases (JFMS 2016)
Underlying origin
Survival if on ventilator and overall survival
Aspiration pneumonia (60%) 4/21 were able to come off the ventilator 16% of dogs survived to discharge, no cats survived
Does neurokinin-1-receptor antagonist (maropitant) helps with acute or chronic asthma ? (JFMS 2016)
No
Light’s criteria and albumin gradient for pleural effusion (JFMS 2016)
Light’s criteria: either transudate or exsudate. If grey zone, use albumin gradient
Stem cell therapy for treatment of feline asthma (JFMS 2016)
Outcome
By month 9 - normalization of eosinophils within airway, diminished airway hyperresponsiveness and reduce lung attenuation and bronchial wall thickening
Could cyclosporine be consider for feline asthma? (JFMS 2015)
Yes
What pulmonary changes are noted in obese cats ? (JFMS 2015)
Decrease tidal volume, decrease minute volume, decrease peak inspiratory and expiratory flow
75 dogs presented for eosinophilic airway disease (JVIM 2019) Presenting complaints Describe the following: Eosinophilic bronchitis Eosinophilic granulomam Eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy
Complaints: cough (92%), nasal discharge (28%)
Eosinophilic bronchitis
Less likely to have peripheral eosinophilia, 61% had normal radiographs, airway hyperemia was the main change on bronchoscopy and less likely to have bronchiectasia
Eosinophilic granuloma
Rads: all had bronchial pattern and more likely to have nodular infiltrate on radiographs
Eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy
More likely to have leukocytosis
Recurrent bacterial pneumonia in Irish Woulfhounds (JVIM 2019)
Presentation
Most common abnormality on CT-scan
Underlying reason
Outcome
5 y/o with acute tachypnea (100%), dyspnea, fever and cough
Bronchiectasis was the most common finding on CT (but was not noted on other diagnostic means)
No Ig or lymphocytes deficits found
50% eventually die of BP
Major complications after stent in dogs (JVIM 2019)
Presentation
Complication
Survival
Yorkie and pomeranian
56% had long-term complications
(25% stent fracture, 19% tissue ingrowth and 12% progressive collapse)
57% have short minor complication (pneumonia and tracheal infection)
MST: 1270 days if no fracture, 600 days if fracture
Longer if < 7 years
Activation of upper respiratory tract innate immune response in cats by liposomal toll-like receptor ligand complex topical (JVIM 2019)
Effects
Activates rapid recruitment of monocytes to the nasal and oropharyngeal mucosa
BAL lymphocytosis in 104 dogs (JVIM 2019)
Conclusion
Likely represent a common response to airway injury
Evaluation of metabolic probile and CRP in brachycephalic dogs with upper airway obstructive syndrome (JVIM 2019)
Did if offer valuable information?
No
Note 76% of those dogs had GI signs with chronic inflammation on histopathology
What are the changes that we can see on videofluoroscopy in brachycephalic breeds (JVIM 2019)
Esophageal disease, prolonged esophageal transit time (21/26), GER (18/28) and hiatal hernia
Can heliox improve flow rate and flow patterns in brachycephalic breeds ?
Yes
Liposome toll-like receptor for mucosal protection for herpesvirus (JVIM 2018)
When administered 24 hours prior to inoculation, what was seen in kittens?
less conjunctivitis, higher respiratory scores and decrease shedding
Thoracic ultrasound and NT-proBNP for diagnosis of CHF in cats with respiratory distress (JVIM 2018)
What was the auscultation of those cats?
Which B-line location was most consistent with CHF ?
Is blood or pleural fluid better for BNP assessment?
40% had heart murmur. all cats with gallop had CHF
B-lines were located perihilar with CHF and right cranial with non-cardiogenic diseases
Blood
Does air pollution affects respiratory diseases in dogs and cats ? (JVIM 2018)
Nope, except for incent in dogs and cats living in small area
Effect of pheronome for reactivation of herpesvirus (JVIM 2018)
Which finding was associated with herpesvirus?
Placebo were more likely to have ? and less likely?
sneezing
Placebo: 2.7 x more sneezing, 3.9 less sleeping
Changes in stent diameter and positioning in dogs with tracheal collapse (JVIM 2018)
Is there shortening of stents after placement?`
How to adjust to different between CT and rads?
What can be use to provide accurate mean of measurement to adjust for rads magnification?
Yes (about 10%), but minimal and not relevant<
Add 2-3 mm when selecting the stent should compensate for difference between rads and CT-scan
Lenghts of dorsal cricoid cartilage, C7 and T4 vertebral bodies
Per scintigraphic studies, is nebulization or metered dose inhaler better to acheive higher respiratory tract disposition and uniform disposition?
Nebulization
But still pretty low
Utility of acute-phase proteins for assessment of treatment response in dogs with pneumonia (JVIM 2017)
Which dog required longer hospitalization?
Which protein would be the best diagnostic and follow-up marker?
E.coli (and could also have coagulation abnormalities)
Dogs monitored with CRP received antibiotics less longer than with radiographs, but SAA has a wider range and therefore more pronounced magnitude of change
Dogs with bronchiectasis (JVIM 2016)
Prevalence
Mean of diagnostic (rads vs scope vs CT)
Final diagnosis
Prevalence: 14%
rads: 60%, scope 92% and CT-scan 100%
Diagnosis: pneumonia in 52% (strep, pasteurella), eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy (12%) inflammatory airway disease (36%)
Can intermittent esophageal suctioning at home in dogs with megaesophagus that continues to regurgitate despite gastrotomy feeding tube reduce episodes of aspiration pneumonia? (JVIM 2016)
Yes
Can neurokinin-1 receptor agnist treat chronic bronchitis in dogs? (JVIM 2016)
Can improve clinically, but do not diminish airway inflammation
Dogs with epiglottic retroversion (JVIM 2015)
Presentation
Outcome
Middle age to older overweight small breed female
Clinical sign: stridor and dyspnea
60% Medical (cough suppressor, steroid, sedative and antibiotics ) and 52% surgical: improved with MST at least 2 years
Dogs with dynamic pharyngeal collapse(JVIM 2015)
Presentation
Diagnosis
6.6 years old with 7/9 BSC
Coughing (20/28) and stertor (5/28)
COncurrent disorder: mainstem bronchial collapse (18/28), tracheal collapse (17/28), brachycephalic airway disease (8/28)
Flurosocopy in 20/28
Can we see co-infection of bacterial pneumonia with virus? (JVIM 2015)
Yes - parainfluenza and coronavirus
Does brush cytology is accurate (vs BAL) ? JVIM 2015)
Yes for detection of inflammation, but not the type of inflammation
Use of maropitant for the control of pruritus in non-flea, non-food-induced feline hypersensitivity dermatitis: an open-label, uncontrolled pilot study, JFMS, 2019, Maina
Describe efficacy and tolerability
Efficacy - dose of 2.2 mg/kg PO SID resulted in decreased of both SCORFAD and puritus score
Tolerability - no side effects
- MRI in 30 cats with traumatic brain injury.” Caine. JFMS 2019.
Outcome
Negative prognostic indicator
70% good outcome (no or minor deficits), 20% died and 10% had poor prognosis
Poorer outcome: extend of paranchyma affected multifocal/bilateral lesions, parenchymal hemorrhage, mass effect (especially caudal transtentorial herniation)
- Comparison of medical and/or surgical management of 23 cats with intracranial empyema or abscessation, JFMS, 2019
Presentation
MRI findings/location
CSF findings
Outcome
Presentation
- 7 y/o male cats with history of bites
- Altered mental status and absence of menance (forebrain localization)
MRI findings/location
- 14/21 had extra-axial lesions
- Forebrain (from bites) 13/21, brainstem (from otitis/retrobulbar) 4/21
CSF findings
- all had neutrophilic inflammation
- E.coli, Corynebacterium, bacteroides, strep, Staph, Actinomyces, Nocardia, enteroccocus (more than one specie)
Outcome
- Surgical: 9/10 survived (MST 730 days)
- Medically: 8/10 days survived ( MST 183 days) - unasyn and metronidazole
Radiation therapy for intracranial tumours in cats with neurological signs, JFMS 2017
Presentation
Diagonosis
Outcome
Presentation
* 20/23 had altered neurological status
Diagonosis
* 11/22 had meningioma, 8/22 had pituitary tumor
Outcome * 64% died * 95.5% had improvement * PFS 510 days * MST 515 days No variable associated with survival
Measurement of the normal feline pituitary gland in brachycephalic and mesocephalic cats, JFMS, 2018
Conclusion
Different pituitary measurements between brachycephalic and mesocephalic
Feline hyperesthesia syndrome with self-trauma to the tail: retrospective study of seven cases and proposal for integrated multidisciplinary diagnostic approach.” Batle. JFMS 2018.
Presentation
Treatment
1 year
5/7 cats improved on gabapentin
MRI and clinical characteristics of suspected cerebrovascular accident in nine cats JFMS 2018
MRI location
Prognosis
rostral or caudal cerebellar arteries
8/9 survived 48h
Efficacy of zonisamide on interictal electroencephalography in familial spontaneous epileptic cats, JFMS 2018
Conclusion
Interictal praoxysmal discharge post zonisamide was reduced
Meningoencephalitis in cats in Austria: a study of infectious causes, including Encephalitozoon cuniculi, JFMS, 2017
Underlying cause of meningoenceophalitis
48.3% had FIP
15% had toxoplasma
2.3% had fungal
None had encephalitozoon
Therapeutic effects of an alphacasozepine and L-tryptophan supplemented diet on fear and anxiety in the cat, JFMS 2017
Conclusion
Test diet reduced the anxiety response to placement in unfamiliar location, but fear in presence of unfamiliar person was not affected by diet
Neurogenic urinary retention in cats following severe cluster seizures, JFMS 2017
Conclusion
Cluster seizures can lead to urinary retention, but all cats in this study recovered normal micturition within 4 weeks
Levetiracetam in the management of feline audiogenic reflex seizures: a randomised, controlled, open-label study, JFMS 2017
Results
Adverse effects
Reduction in the number of myoclonic seizures was seen in 100% of patients with levetiracetam and 3% in patients with phenobarbital
Lethargy, inappetence and ataxia (mild and transient with keppra and persisted with phenobarbital)
Diagnostic utility of cerebrospinal fluid immunocytochemistry for diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis manifesting in the central nervous system, JFMS 2017
Sensitivity / specificity
CSF ICC is highly sensitive (10/11 of cats with FIP without neurological signs had macrophages who were positive) but had low specificity
Glial response in the central nervous system of cats with feline infectious peritonitis, JFMS 2017
Conclusion
Strong astrocytes response, including the presence of less differentiated vimentin-positive astrocytes and gitters cells positive for RCA-1 in severe lesion of cats with FIP
Detection of feline coronavirus in cerebrospinal fluid for diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis in cats with and without neurological signs, JFMS 2017
Specificity, sensitivity, PPV and PPN
specificity of 100% in diagnosing FIP
sensitivity of 42.1%,
Increase to 85.7% in cats with neurological or ocular involvement
PPV of 100%
NPV of 57.7%.
Confirmatory field study for the evaluation of ciclosporin at a target dose of 7.0 mg/kg (3.2 mg/lb) in the control of feline hypersensitivity dermatitis, JFMS 2017 Roberts
Efficacy
Adverse effects
Cyclosporine improved lesion score (reduce by 65%)
GI signs, but did not require cessation of therapy
Audiogenic reflex seizures in cats, JFMS 2016, Lowrie
Presentation
Clinical signs
Treatment
Presentation:
- About 50% had hearing impairment or were deaf
- 15 years
Main signs: myoclonic seizures (90/96) that was triggered by high-frequency sounds in 20%
Note: 30% of owner felt like this affected their pets’ quality of life
Levetiracetam gave good control
- Cutaneous asthenia (Ehlers-Danlos-like syndrome) of Burmese cats,
What is this disease?
How do you suspect it?
Hereditary collagen dysplasia that is characterized by skin extensibility, fragility and joint hypermobility
Seen in young kitten with local skin lesion post OVH (fluid extravasation in SQ and subsequent necrosis)
Diagnosed by increased skin extensibility by > 23%
Periodic hypokalemic polymyopathy, JFMS 2015
Presentation (breed, clinical signs)
Mutation ?
Conclusion
Genetic disease is burmese with intermittent musclle weakness and muscle pain < 1 year of age
Mutation in the gene WNK4
PCR could help eliminate the condition
Acute motor and sensory polygangluoradiculoneuritis in a cat: clinical and histopathological findings , JFMS 2015
Conclusion
Clinical: acute and rapid progressive LMN and sensory signgs
Histopath: inflammatory infiltrates with necrosis, degeneration and demyelinisation
Therapeutic serum phenobarbital concentrations obtained using chronic transfermal administration of phenobarbital in healthy cats (JFMS 2015)
Conclusion
Topical 9 mg/kg BID dose can be an alternative
Results of oral prednisolone administration or ventrivuloperitoneal shunt placement in dogs with congenital hydrocephalus: 40 cases (2005-2016), JAVMA, 2019, Gillespie
Outcome
improvement in 50% of medically treated and 54% of surgically treated
Prevalence of electrographic seizure in dogs and cats undergoing EEG and clinical characteristics and outcome for dogs and cats with and without electrographic seizure: 104 cases, JAVMA, 2019, Granum
Conclusion
ES/ESE were common, especially in young animals with a history of cluster seizures, even with only subtle signs of seizures (81%) and mortality rate was high (48 vs 19%)
Evaluation of concurrent analysis of cerebrospinal fluid samples collected from the cerebellomedullary cistern and lumbar subarachnoid space for the diagnosis of steroid-responsive meningitis arteritis in dogs, JAVMA 2019
Presentation
CSF results
1 year old males (64%)
85% fever, 52% had focal hyperesthesia (cervical) and 47% had multifocal pain
CSF: usually similar between 2 sites, but 7% would have had false negative with only one sample (especially in older dogs)
Evaluation of diffusion weighted MRI at 3.0 Tesla for differentiation between intracranial neoplastic and noninfectious inflammatory lesions in dogs, JAVMA, Macclellan, 2019
Diagnosis
FA values
ADC values
Diagnosis:
- Meningioma (labrador and boxer, frontal lobe) > Glioma (boxer, frontal and temporal) and noninfectious inflammation (dachshund thalamus, frontal and pons)
FA value were higher for neoplasia and noninfection (vs healthy)
ADC was similar for all but cutoff > 1.443 may be suggestive of neoplasia
Note: Metastatic HSA had dramatically altered apperance
Incidence of and risk factors for major complications or death in dogs undergoing cytoreductive surgery for treatment of suspected primary intracranial masses, JAVMA, 2018,
Kohler
Outcome
Negative prognostic indicators
13% died and 18% had major complications (seizures, 11%, worsening neuro status 4% and aspiration pneumonia 4%)
Negative factors: abnormal preop neuro exan and suboccipital surgical approach
Long-term outcome following surgical and radiation treatment of vertebral angiomatosis in a cat, JAVMA, 2018, Hans
Conclusion
Vertebral angiomatosis should be considered as a ddx for any young cat with thoracolumbar myelopathy secondary to mass associated with vertebral pedicle and surgical decompression and radiation therapy provided an excellent outcome
Outcomes of nonsurgical treatment for congenital thoracic vertebral body malformations in dogs: 13 cases (2009–2016), JAVMA, 2018, Wyatt
Clinical signs
Outcome
Ambulatory paraparesis and ataxia in all dogs
4/13 were euthanized due to progressive neurological status
No treatment worked
Congenital laryngeal paralysis in Alaskan Huskies: 25 cases (2009–2014), JAVMA, 2018
Presentation/features
Neuro/histo findings
Treatment
Inheritance
6 month old huskies with blue eyes (92%), white facial marking (76%) and oral mucosal tags/tissue (52%)
Neuro: mononeuropathy and histo: only atrophy of cricoarythenoid dorsalis muscle
** MONOPATHY **
Lateralization showed clinical improvement
Autosomal recessive mode of CLP inheritance with variable penetrance
Acute masticatory muscle compartmental syndrome should be consider as ddx for?
Dogs with sudden onset of severe skeletal muscle swelling, signs of pain and dysfunction, for which an emergent fasciotomy and medical management (steroids) should treat
Seizure etiologic classification and long-term outcome for cats with juvenile-onset seizures JAVMA, 2018, Qahwash
Classification with outcome
Structure epilepsy (47%) (FIP, trauma, congenital or inflammation) 1 year survical = 57%
Idiopathic epilepsy (26%) 1 year survival = 100%
Reactive seizure (26%) from PSS - survival 25% at 1 year
Suspected zonisamide-related anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome in a cat JAVMA, 2017, Collinet
Features
Lymphadenopathy, hyperglobulinemia and cytopenia
Effects of a single preappointment dose of gabapentin on signs of stress in cats during transportation and veterinary examination JAVMA, 2017,
Efficacy
Adverse effects
Efficacy
Lower stress during transport and higher compliance with the vet
Adverse
Sedation, ataxia, hypersalivation and vomiting
Effect of different types of classical music played at a veterinary hospital on dog behavior and owner satisfaction JAVMA, 2017, Engler
Conclusion
Owner happier if classical music
Pet less anxious if placed in exam room upon arrival (vs waiting room)
Medical management of spinal epidural empyema in five dogs – JAVMA, 2016,
Underlying disease
Bacteria
Outcome
Disko, prostatis/UTI, penetrating injury, pyothorax
E.coli, pasteurella and corynebacterium
Excellent with medical management (ATB)
Features of stimulus-specific seizures in dogs with reflex epilepsy: 43 cases (2000–2014) – JAVMA, 2016,
Presentation
Stimulus
Treatmetn
5 years
Stimulus: visit to vet clinic, grooming, boarding (often more than 1)
No treatment were efficient
Risk factors for diskospondylitis in dogs after spinal decompression surgery for intervertebral disk herniation – JAVMA, 2016, Canal
Risk factors
- German shepherd (OR 10)
- Older than 8.8 years
- Weight > 20 kg
- Disk protrusion
- Early diagnostic imaging findings in juvenile dogs with presumed diskospondylitis: 10 cases (2008–2014) – JAVMA, 2016, Kirberger
Presentation Rads US CT Conclusion
Signs of vetebral pain less than 3 weeks after blunt trauma, bite or systemic illness
Rads:
1) narrowed disk space (first)
2) subluxation of adjacent vertebrae (within 2 weeks)
3) vertebral end plate lysis (last)
US: ventral buldging hypoechoic material, loss of normal reverberation artifact
* often detected prior to rads
CT: altered coloration
Atypical compared to adults
Epilepsy in dogs five years of age and older: 99 cases – JAVMA, 2015, Ghormley
Presentation (primary vs secondary)
Primary:
23% 5-7 years, 45% 8-10 years, 39% 11-13 years and 28% > 14 years
Secondary:
Similar age
Usually associated with abnormal neuro exam (sensitivity 74% and specificity 62%)
Putative precipitating factors for hepatic encephalopathy in dogs: 118 cases – JAVMA, 2015, Lidbury
Conclusion
Severity not associated with ammonia
No association with precipitating factors
Results of magnetic resonance imaging performed within 48 hours after head trauma in dogs and association with outcome: 18 cases – JAVMA, 2015,
Outcome
Changes on MRI
14/18 had good outcome
Intra-axial changes, extra-axial hemorrhage - best seen on T2-weighted and FLAIR
Subural hemorrhage were most common on side of injury
Open-label clinical trial of rectally administered levetiracetam as supplemental treatment in dogs with cluster seizures JVIM 2019, Cagnotti
Efficacy
Response rate 94% in rectal LEV and 48% in control group
“Predictors of urinary or fecal incontinence in dogs with thoracolumbar acute non-compressive nucleus pulposus extrusion” –JVIM Lorenzo
Presentation
Outcome UI vs FI
Labs, border collies, Staffordshire terriers
UI:
More likely if paraplegic at time of presentation and higher (> 40%) PCSAL
FI
Paraplegic, PSCAL higher than 40%, did not receive NSAIDs and signs of spinal shock at presentation
Cerebrospinal fluid lactate in dogs with inflammatory central nervous system disorders” – JVIM Marianii
Conclusion
47% of dogs with inflammatory CNS disease had elevated CNS lactate, especially with lymphocytic pleocytosis
“Clinical characteristics, breed differences, and quality of life in North American dogs with acute steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis” – Lau, JVIM, 2019
Presentation
CSF results
Prognosis (include relapse)
Golden, Bernese, Boxer and Wire haired pointing griffon
2/3 fever (wax and wane)
CSF: 72% had neutrophilic inflammation, IgA increased in Europe
Resmission 98%, resolution 54% with relapse 47%
Diagnostic accuracy of stereotactic brain biopsy for intracranial neoplasia in dogs: Comparison of biopsy, surgical resection, and necropsy specimens” – Kani , JVIM 2019
Diagnosis
Accuracy of biopsies
24/31 gliomas, 7 meningioma
Glioma grade was under estimated with biopsies
Comparison of intranasal versus intravenous midazolam for management of status epilepticus in dogs: A multi-center randomized parallel group clinical study “ – Charalambous, JVIM 2019
Efficacy
Status stopped in 5 minutes via IN midazolam (76%) and IV midazolam (61%)
Association between improvement of clinical signs and decrease of ventricular volume after ventriculoperitoneal shunting in dogs with internal hydrocephalus, JVIM, 2019, Schmidt
Outcome
Associated with resolution of > 1 preop clinical signs
Altered vision most often persisted
Focal epilepsy with fear-related behavior as primary presentation in Boerboel dogs, JVIM, 2019, Stassen
Clinical signs
Histopathology
Inheritence
Signs: 3 months - howled, fearful facial expression and trembled
Histo: single large vacuoles in perikaryon of neurons throughout the brain (more so in deep cerebral cortical regions)
Autosomal recessive
Presence of cerebrospinal fluid antibodies associated with autoimmune encephalitis of humans in dogs with neurologic disease, JVIM, 2019, Stafford
Diagnosis
Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate
19/32 had inflammatory diseases, 10/32 had non-inflammatory
Anti-N-methyl-D-asparate receotir 1 (NMDAR1) were detected in 9.4% of dogs that responded to treatment for MUE
Prevalence of congenital sensorineural deafness in a population of client-owned purebred kittens in the United Kingdom, JVIM, 2019, Mari
Physical characteristic
Breed
Physical characteristics
- Present only in white kittens with a prevalence of 30.3% (16% bilateral, 14% unilateral)
Higher in kittens with blue eyes (1 eye 44% and 2 eyes 50%)
Breed: Turkish Vankedisi (47%), Maine Coon (44%), Norwegian Forest (27%)
“Behavioral and clinical signs of Chiari-like malformation-associated pain and syringomyelia in Cavalier King Charles spaniels” – Rusbridge
Clinical signs
Vocalization (65%) and spinal pain (55%) - no associated with syrinx severity
Specific to SM: phantom scratching, scoliosis, sensory/motor
“Clinical findings and outcomes of dogs with unilateral masticatory muscle atrophy” – Milodowski
Final diagnosis
30/63 = nerve sheet neoplasia (trigeminal nerve)
13/63 extra-axial mass
18/63 = idiopathic
Absence Seizures as a Feature of Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy in Rhodesian Ridgeback Dogs, JVIM, 2018, Wielander
New presentation
Clinical Risk Factors for Early Seizure Recurrence in Dogs Hospitalized for Seizure Evaluation, JVIM, 2018, Kwiatkowska
Risks factors for recurrence of seizures
Cause for seizures
Abnormal neurological examination, cluster seizures/status within 72 hours prior were predictor of recurrent (happened in 50% of patients)
Idiopathic (53%)
Structural (52%)
Reactive (40%)
Comparison of electroencephalographic findings with hippocampal magnetic resonance imaging volumetry in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy, JVIM, 2015
Conclusion
Hippocampal asymmetric ratio greater in epileptic dogs
Aleteration on the PTPRQ gene was associated with which disease in which breed?
Congenital hearing and vestibular disorder in young Doberman Pinsher
- Investigation of the Role of Campylobacter Infection in Suspected Acute Polyradiculoneuritis in Dogs, JVIM, 2018, Martinez-Anton
Risk factor
Consumption of raw chicken
Juvenile-onset polyneuropathy in American Staffordshire Terriers, JVIM, 2015
Presentation
Onset 1-6 months
Clinical signs: generalized motor and sensory disease (100%), laryngeal paralysis (10/14) and megaoesphagus (1)
** Those signs were progressive
Could an etiology could be found in metagenomic investigation of Idiopathic Meningoencephalomyelitis in Dogs?
No infectious agent found
Pharmacokinetics of Single Oral Dose Extended-Release Levetiracetam in Healthy Cats, JVIM, 2018, Barnard
Conclusion
Single 500 mg OP XRL safely maintained serum levetiracetam for at least 21 hours
Population pharmacokinetics of extended-release levetiracetam in epileptic dogs when administered alone, with phenobarbital or zonisamide, JVIM, 2018,
Conclusion
Drug monitoring may be beneficial to determine the most approriate dose of LEV-XR in dogs
Seizure occurrence in dogs under primary veterinary care in the UK: prevalence and risk factors, JVIM, 2015
Prevalence - OR
Prevalence: 0.82% with higher risks with
- Pug
- Males
- 3-6 years
- > 40 kgs
- Testing for Bartonella ssp. DNA in cerebrospinal fluid of dogs with inflammatory central nervous system disease, JVIM, 2018, Bartner
Conclusion
None were positive for bartonella - combination of PCR and culture is still the most sensitive tests
Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound Examination in Dogs with Suspected Intracranial Hypertension Caused by Neurologic Diseases, JVIM, 2015
Conclusion
Dogs with increased ICP had higher systolic/diastolic ratio and it could be use to diagnosed ICP
Paroxysmal Dyskinesia in Border Terriers: Clinical, Epidemiological, and Genetic Investigations, JVIM, 2017, Stassen
Signs during episode
Treatment
Dystonic, muscle fasciculation and falling over
Anti-epileptic drugs: 29/43 and hypoallergenic diet (gluten free)
Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels of Phosphorylated Neurofilament Heavy as a Diagnostic Marker of Canine Degenerative Myelopathy, JVIM, 2017, Toedebusch
CSF finding
Increased concentration of pNF-H in all stages of DM
> 20.25 was 80% sensitive and 94% specific
Clinical Features, Imaging Characteristics, and Long-term Outcome of Dogs with Cranial Meningocele or Meningoencephalocele, JVIM, 2017, Lazzerini
Clinical Features
Imaging Characteristics
Long-term Outcome
6 months old dogs with seizures and behavioral abnormalities
Imaging - Intra-nasal most common (enhanced protruded tissue)
10/17 dogs ahd adequate seizure control with drugs
Clinicopathologic Features and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in 24 Cats With Histopathologically Confirmed Neurologic Feline Infectious Peritonitis, JVIM, 2017, Crawford
Presentation Clinical syndrome MRI MST Histopathology
Presentation
Abnormal mentation, tetraparesis, nystagmus and vestibular ataxia
Clinical syndrome
Multifocal CNS (14/24)
Central vestibular (7/24)
T3-L3 myelopathy (3/24)
MRI
Meningeal contrast enhacement (22/24), ependymal contrast enhacement (20/24), ventriculomegaly (20/24), synringomyelia (17/24)
MST 14 days
Histo: perivascular pyogranulomatous infiltrates, lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate
Affects leptomeninges, choroid plexuses, periventricular parenchyma
Effect of Cranberry Extract on the Frequency of Bacteriuria in Dogs with Acute Thoracolumbar Disk Herniation: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial, JVIM, 2017, Olby
Conclusion
No benefit
Genetics of Hereditary Ataxia in Scottish Terriers, JVIM, 2017, Urkasemsin
region on CFA X associated with disease trait
Homozygous PPT1 Splice Donor Mutation in a Cane Corso Dog With Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis, JVIM, 2017, Kolichesk
previously unreported breed
Prognostic Factors Associated with Recovery of Ambulation and Urinary Continence in Dogs with Acute Lumbosacral Spinal Cord Injury, JVIM, 2017
Location
Physical examination
Fewer dogs with L4S3 regained continence (vs T3-L3)
Exam: loss of CP, LMN incontinence and non-compressive lesions
Putative Cerebral Microbleeds in Dogs Undergoing Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Head: A Retrospective Study of Demographics, Clinical Associations, and Relationship to Case Outcome, JVIM, 2017, Kerwin
Presentation
Location
Risk factors
Older (>10 years) and small breeds (poodles, shih tzu) with vestibular signs
Telencephalon most primary site
Proteinuria
The Relationship between Brachycephalic Head Features in Modern Persian Cats and Dysmorphologies of the Skull and Internal Hydrocephalus, JVIM, 2017
Conclusion
High grades of brachycephaly is associated with malformation of calvarial and facial bones and dental malformation - dont breed
A Homozygous RAB3GAP1:c.743delC Mutation in Rottweilers with Neuronal Vacuolation and Spinocerebellar Degeneration, JVIM, 2016, Mhlanga
Similar phenotype than Black Russian Terrier
Characterization of an Inherited Neurologic Syndrome in Toyger Cats with Forebrain Commissural Malformations, Ventriculomegaly and Interhemispheric Cysts, JVIM, 2016, Keating
Clinical signs
Inheritence
Mild (more quiet)
Autosomal recessive mode
Note: MRI had good correlation with histopathology
Clinical and Diagnostic Imaging Features of Brain Herniation in Dogs and Cats, JVIM, 2016, Lewis
Conclusion
Can be quantified on MRI
Degenerative Encephalopathy in Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retrievers Presenting with a Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder, JVIM, 2016, Barker
Presentation
MRI
Inheritence
Treatment
2 months to 5 years
Progressive: movement during sleep, increased anxiety, noise phobia and gait abnormalities
MRI: necrosis secondary to gray matter degeneration, mostly in caudal nuclei
Autosomal recessive
Minimal response to treatment
Longitudinal Study of the Relationship among Craniocervical Morphology, Clinical Progression, and Syringomyelia in a Cohort of Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, JVIM, 2016, Cerda-Gonzalez
Craniocervical junction anomalies assessed in this study did not appear to predict future clinical status or SM
Noninvasive Assessment of Neuromuscular Disease in Dogs: Use of the 6-minute Walk Test to Assess Submaximal Exercise Tolerance in Dogs with Centronuclear Myopathy, JVIM, 2016, Cerda-Gonzalez
Conclusion
Helped
The Influence of Pituitary Size on Outcome After Transsphenoidal Hypophysectomy in a Large Cohort of Dogs with Pituitary-Dependent Hypercortisolism, JVIM, 2016, J. Van
Outcome
MST: 781 days DFI 951 days
Recurrence: 27% after 555 days. More common with higher pituitary height/brain area ratio and preop UCCR
Pharmacokinetics of Single-Dose Rectal Zonisamide Administration in Normal Dogs, JVIM, 2015, Brewer
Conclusion
Vehicle in which zonisamide is dissolved influence bioavailability - PEG better than H2O
Association between Estrus and Onset of Seizures in Dogs with Idiopathic Epilepsy, JVIM, 2015
Conclusion
Two patterns noted: during heat (38%) and 13% 1-3 months after heat
Clinical Features and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in 7 Dogs with Central Nervous System Aspergillosis, JVIM, 2015, Taylor
Presentation
MRI/CSF
3 y/o male German shepherd with multifocal neurological abnormalities (vestibular 5/7)
MRI: normal (3/7) with neutrophilic inflammation on CSF
Clinical Phenotype of X-Linked Myotubular Myopathy in Labrador Retriever Puppies, JVIM, 2015, Snead
Presentation
Examination
Blood work
Presentation: male puppies with XLMTM were smalll and thin, with generalized weakness and muscle atrophy by 7 weeks of age and progressed quickly
Exam: arched spine, low head carriage, short choppy stride, absence patellar reflexes, larygenal, esophageal dysfunction with weakness of masticatory muscles
Blood work: normal CK
Cognitive Function, Progression of Age-related Behavioral Changes, Biomarkers, and Survival in Dogs More Than 8 Years Old, JVIM, 2015
Signs:
Finding
Aimless wandering, staring into space, avoid getting patted, difficulty finding dropped food and anxiety
Plasma Ab42 were increased in CCD
Effect of Chronic Administration of Phenobarbital, or Bromide, on Pharmacokinetics of Levetiracetam in Dogs with Epilepsy, JVIM, 2015
Conclusion
Concurrent administration of PB increased LEV clearance in epileptic dog (vs bromide alone)
Effect of Screening Abdominal Ultrasound Examination on the Decision to Pursue Advanced Diagnostic Tests and Treatment in Dogs with Neurologic Disease, JVIM, 2015
Conclusion
Only 1.3% did not pursue MRI due to AUS finding
Note non-dachshund had higher probability of abnormal AUS
Low-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Multi-slice Computed Tomography for the Detection of Cervical Syringomyelia in Dogs, JVIM, 2015, Kromhout
Conclusion
Computed tomography can be used as a diagnostic tool for SM when MRI is not available, but CT cannot replace MRI as the standard screening technique
Prevalence of Chiari-like Malformations in Clinically Unaffected Dogs, JVIM, 2015, Harcourt-Brown
Conclusion
No asymptomatic non CKCS dogs showed herniation
High prevalence of cerebellar indientation and impaction suggests that they may be normal variants and unsuitable as definition of CM
Risk Factors and Outcomes in Cats with Acquired Myasthenia Gravis (2001–2012), JVIM, 2015
Breeds
Cause
Clinical feature
Abyssinian and Somali cats
Cranial mediastinal mass (thymoma) observed in 52%
Generalized weakness without megaesophagus or dysphagia in 50%
Evaluation of orally administered telmisartan for the reduction of indirect systolic arterial blood pressure in awake, clinically normal cats JFMS 2019, Coleman
Efficacy
BP was lower in cats treated with telmisartan (1-3 mg/kg/days), within 3 hours, up to 2 days after d/c treatment
Effects of oral trazodone on echocardiographic and hemodynamic variables in healthy cats JFMS 2019
Conclusion
Did not affect echocardiogram variables
Did decrease BP
Cardiac troponin I in cats with compromised renal function, Langhorn, JFMS 2019
Conclusion
Cats with compromised renal function had increased serum cTnI (similar than cats with heart disease)
Pharmacokinetics of furosemide after intravenous, oral and transdermal administration to cats, Sleeper, JFMS 2019
Conclusion
IV and oral plasma furosemide had half life of 2.25 h (IV) and 1.2h (plasma) - give at least BID
Furosemide levels very low after transdermal - maybe better after 72 hours - do not use
High-resolution CT evaluation of bronchial lumen to vertebral body (BV), pulmonary artery to vertebral body (BA) and bronchial lumen to pulmonary artery ratios (BA) in Dirofilaria immitisinfected cats with and without selamectin administration, Lee-fowler, JFMS 2018
Conclusion
BV and AV ratios were most consistent in identifying abnormalities when disease was present in bronchial and arteries concurrently
Survival and prognostic factors in cats with restrictive cardiomyopathy: a review of 90 cases JFMS 2018
Prevalence (in cats with cardiomyopathy)
Presentation
Outcome
Prevalence (in cats with cardiomyopathy) - 15%
Presentation
10 y/o male DSH with respiratory distress
Rare heart murmur
Outcome
MST in cats with respiratory distress = 69 days vs without = 466 days
Infrared thermography: a rapid and accurate technique to detect feline aortic thromboembolism JFMS 2018, Pouzot
Accuracy
Hindlimb temperature lower than 2.4C from FL
Sensitivity 80% (right), 90% (left)
Specificity 100% (PPV 100%)
NPV 75% (right) and 86% (left)
Effects of sedation with dexmedetomidine and buprenorphine on echocardiographic variables, blood pressure and heart rate in healthy cats, JFMS, Johard 2018
Which factors were increased?
Decreased?
Increase in wall thickeness, left atrium, systolic/diastolic and mean arterial BP
Decrease aortic/PA velocity, FS, PA time and HR
Determination of multidirectional myocardial deformations in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by using two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography, 2017, Suzuki, JFMS
Findings
- Longitudinal and radial deformation were reduced in cats with HCM despite normal systolic function
- If severe symptomatic: lower peak systolic circumferential strain
Increased detection of Dirofilaria immitis antigen in cats after heat pretreatment of sample, 2017, JFMS Gruntmeir
Conclusion
Shelter cats: prevalence from 0.5% to 5.9% and roaming 2.4% to 7.9%
Computed tomography, radiology and echocardiography in cats naturally infected with Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, JFMS, 2017, Lacava
Presentation
Radiographs
CT-scan
Echocardiogram
Presentation: coughing (10/14) and dyspnea (5/14)
Rads: generalized unstructured interstitial pulmonary pattern (8/14) with sternal lymph node enlargement (10) - severity associated with changes
CT-scan: mixed bronchointerstitial pattern with ground-glass appearance (6), interstitioalveolar with multiple nodules and lymph node enlargement
Echo: no pulmonary hypertension
Biologic variability of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in adult healthy cats, JFMS, 2017
Conclusion
High individual variability for NT-proBNP
Ambulatory electrocardiogram recordings in cats with primary asymptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, JFMS, 2017
Conclusion
Heart rate (145) and VPC (80% of cats with 3 VPC) was similar than healthy cats
Serum acute phase proteins in Dirofilaria immitis and Wolbachia seropositive cats, JFMS 2017
Which one were elevated
SSA and ceruplasmin were higher in animal with clinical signs
Haptoglobin was elevated in all seropositive animals
Evaluation of red blood cell distribution width as a prognostic indicator in cats with acquired heart disease, with and without congestive heart failure, JFMS 2017
RDW associated with? not associated with ?
RDW no associated with survival in cats
Difference:
- cats with CHF had higher value (16.3%) vs cats without (15.8%)
- Higher in cats with unclassified cardiomyopathy (16.3%) vs other (15.8%)
Survival in cats with primary and secondary cardiomyopathies, JFMS 2016
Final diagnosis
Outcome
53% HCM (purebred and male) - most had asymmetrical IVS. MST 865 days (worst if aymmterical LVFW)
14% RCM (higher proportion of female). MST 273 days
32% seconday
< 50% of cardiac deat
Familial cardiomyopathy in Norwegian Forest cats, Marz JFMS 2015
Exam/echo
Necropsy
Exam: none had heart murmur
25% had mild LV hypertrophy, all a false tendon
Necropsy: myocyte hypertrophy, myofibre disarray and interstitial fibrosis (HCM), endomyocardial fibrosis (RCM)
Associations between valentine heart shape, atrial enlargement and cardiomyopathy in cats
Conclusion of echo findings
93% had cardiac disease
83% had evidence of cardiomyopathy
- 41% had biatrial enlargement
- 41% UCM, 38% HCM, 21% RCM
** Not accurate to associated valentine heart with HCM
Effects of IM sedation with alfaxolone and butorphanol on echocardiographic measurements in healthy cats, Ribas, JFMS 2015
LA:Ao and FS/EF were significantly decreased
Which complication can be seen with long-term PPA?
Myocardial hyperthrophy
Effects of milbemycin oxine, combined with spinosad, when administered orally to microfilaremic dogs infected with adult heartworms (Dirofilaria immitis) JAVMA 2018, Grant
Side effects
Efficacy
Vomiting
Dogs remain positive - should not be used
Diagnostic value of vertebral left atrial size as determined from thoracic radiographs for assessment of left atrial size in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease JAVMA 2018, Malcolm
How to measure it?
Efficacy?
Line draw from center of ventral carina to caudal left atrium (by the vena cava) and draw line from T4
If > 2.3 - predictor of LA enlargement
Echocardiographic evaluation of velocity ratio, velocity time integral ration, and pulmonary valve area in dogs with pulmonary valve stenosis JAVMA 2018, Ruiz
Does medication (torb and atenolol) can affect?
Butorphanol - did not affect
Atenolol - decrease mean pulmonary gradient but does not alter less flow dependent methods of assessment of PS severity
Comparison of major complication and survival rates between surgical ligation and use of a canine ductal occlude device for treatment of dogs with left-to-right shunting patent ductus arteriosus JAVMA 2018, Ranganathan
CDO - patients, outcome
Surgical ligation
CDO
Old and bigger, with more remodeling. Female Labradors, Border Collie, German Shepherd
Longer procedure
No complication and all survived
Surgery Young and small, female Shorter procedure, more arrhythmia Complication: ligation of ascending aorta, lung laceration, hemorrhage, residual ductal flow Suvival: all but one
Ambulatory electrocardiographic evaluation of the occurrence of the occurrence of arrhythmias in healthy Salukis JAVMA 2018, Sanders
Results
40% had complexe arrhythmia, HR 56 and BAv 2nd degree
Entomological and sociobehavioral components of heartworm (Diroliaria immitis) infection in two Florida communities with a high or low prevalence of dogs with heartworm infection JAVMA 2018, Ledesma
How many preventative?
71% gave prevention
If not - lack of information or cost
Retrospective comparison of short-term outcomes following thoracoscopy versus thoracotomy for surgical correction of persistent right aortic arch in dogs JAVMA 2018, Nucci
Outcome
Conclusion
Complications: hemorrhage, chylothorax, cauterization of lung tissue
Similar outcome
- Seroprevalence of heartworm infection, risk factors for seropositivity, and frequency of prescribing heartworm preventives for cats in the United States and Canada, JAVMA, 2017, Levy
Prevalence
Seroprevalence 0.4% in USA and 0% in canada
- Higher in south, coinfection with retrovirus, outdoor access, unhealthy, intact male
Effects of various factors on Doppler ultrasonographic measurements of radial and coccygeal arterial blood pressure in privately owned, conscious cats, JAVMA, 2017, Wittermore
Which one is best
Coccygeal artery is recommended to reduce confounding effects of age and sarcopenia
Neuromuscular blockade and inspiratory breath hold during stereotactic body radiation therapy for treatment of heart base tumors in four dogs JAVMA 2017, Kelsey
Which drugs?
atracurium or veruconium
Accuracy of point-of-care lung ultrasonography for the diagnosis of cardiogenic pulmonary edema in dogs and cats with acute dyspnea, JAVMA 2017, Ward
Accuracy
Sensitivity 84%
Specificity 74%
- False positive with diffuse interstitial or alveolar disease
- Higher specificity in cats
Ventricular arrhythmias in Rhodesian Ridgebacks with a family history of sudden death and results of a pedigree analysis for potential inheritance patterns JAVMA 2016, Meurs
Features
Inheritence
30% had ventricular tachyarrhythmia
Female
No structural lesion on echo or necropsy
Autosomal recessive pattern
Sensitivity, specificity, and interobserver variability of survey thoracic radiography for the detection of heart base masses in dogs, JAVMA 2016, Guglielmini
Rads are specific for not sensitive
- Epidemiological, clinical, and echocardiographic features and survival times of dogs and cats with tetralogy of Fallot: 31 cases (2003–2014), 2016, Chetboul
Presentation
Echocardiogram findings
Outcome
Terriers with exercise intolerance (90%), dyspnea (58%) and/or cyanosis (52%)
Echo:
1) PS with single (64%) obstruction and mostly valvular or subvalvular lesions (84%) and severe in 59%
2) Hypoplasia of pulmonary trunk (> 33%)
3) Large ventricular defect
Outcome
Median age at death was 2 years
25% survived to 7 years
Detection of heart rate and rhythm with a smartphone-based electrocardiograph versus a reference standard electrocardiograph in dogs and cats, JAVMA 2016, Kraus
Accuracy
Good
Surgical and nonsurgical management of patent ductus arteriosus in cats: 28 cases JAVMA 2015, Hutton
Features
Outcome
All cats had murmur (>4 in 78%)
- only 32% had continuous murmur (vs 100% in dogs
65-81% did not have signs
- If signs: exercise intolerance, S+/C+, thinner, dull, tachypnea, strong pulses and increased respiratory effort
Outcome:
Surgical ligation succesful in 73% (complication: hemorrhages, laryngeal paralysis, voice change, fever, chylothorax)
No-sugery: 75% died
- Signalment, clinical features, echocardiographic findings and outcome of dogs and cats with ventricular septal defects: 109 cases (1992-2013) JAVMA 2015, Bomassi
Features
Isolated in 48%
81% of those were asymptomatic and remained as such
If signs: dyspnea, cough, paradoxal breathing, exercise intolerance
Breeds: Terriers/Frenchie (14%) and DSH (66%)/maine coon (11%)
Echo: 75% membranous or perimembranous with 96% left to right
VSD diameter and VSD-to-aortic diameter ratio were significantly correlated with pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio
A pilot study investigating circulating trimethylamine N-oxide and its precursors in dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease with or without congestive heart failure, Karlin – 2019, JVIM
Conclusion
TMAO, L-carnitine, carnitine esters / free carnitine ratio were higher in dogs with CHF
Cardiorenal and endocrine effects of synthetic canine BNP1-32 in dogs with compensated congestive heart failure caused by myxomatous mitral valve disease, yata – 2019, JVIM
Efficacy
SQ injection resulted in rapid absorption
Did not influence measured cardiorenal variables
Plasma aldosterone were below quantifiable levels in majority of dogs
Clinical features of canine pulmonary veno-occlusive disease and pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis – 2019, JVIM Reinero
Presentation
Diagnosis (rads/CT)
Outcome
Presentation
Older (11 y/o), large breed, acute respiratory distress
Diagnosis (rads/CT)
Rads: patchy/diffuse interstitial to alveolar pattern, enlarged pulmonary arteries
CT: pulmonary arterial enlargement and perivascular diffuse nodular ground-glass opacity
Outcome (MST 3 days)
10/15 died within 1 day
Combined interventional procedure and cardiopulmonary bypass surgery in a dog with cor triatriatum dexter, patent foramen ovale, and pulmonary stenosis– 2019, JVIM Marchesotti
Outcome
surgical correction under CPB was an efficient treatment choice for CTD associated with PFO
- Comparison between real-time 3-dimensional and 2-dimensional biplane echocardiographic assessment of left atrial volumes in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease – 2019, JVIM, Tidholm
Conclusion
SMOD systematically underestimated (7%) whereas ALM systematically overestimated (24%) LA volumes in dogs with MMVD
Echocardiographic indices and severity of mitral regurgitation in dogs with preclinical degenerative mitral valve disease – 2019, Larouche-Lebel JVIM
i. Regurgitant fraction, EROA, and QMR:QAo quantify MR severity in dogs with preclinical DMVD in a manner that 1-dimensional measurements do not.
Echocardiographic quantitation of left heart size and function in 122 healthy dogs: A prospective study proposing reference intervals and assessing repeatability– 2019, Visser, JVIM
LA and LV were correlated with body weight
Intervals for linear measurements of LV chambers size were narrower than previously reported
Efficacy of long-term oral telmisartan treatment in cats with hypertension: Results of a prospective European clinical trial – 2019, Glaus, JVIM
Efficacy
Safety
Efficacy - reduce BP by 19 mmHg at day 14 and 25 mmHg at day 28
Safe (dose 2mg/kg)
Electrocardiographic and echocardiographic evaluation in dogs with hypothyroidism before and after levothyroxine supplementation: A prospective controlled study – 2019, Guglielmini, JVIM
Conclusion
• significantly decreased heart rate, P wave amplitude, and R wave amplitude, E-point-to-septal separation normalized to body weight (EPSSn), trans-mitral E wave velocity at T0
Normalized after treatment
This study do not justify considering hypothyroid-induced cardiac changes as identical to DCM
Evaluation of a high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I assay compared to a first-generation cardiac troponin I assay in Doberman Pinschers with and without dilated cardiomyopathy – 2019, Klusser, JVIM
hs-cTNI > 0.113 had sensitivity of 81% and specificity of 73% for detection of DCM
- those dogs may benefit from earlier recheck
Incidence and risk factors associated with development of clinical cardiotoxicity in dogs receiving doxorubicin – 2019, Hallman, JVIM
Prevalence of cardiomyopathy (risk factors)
MST
Prevalence of 4%
Higher risks:
- Breed (boxer, doberman, Great Dane, Irish Wolfhound, Newfoundland, Cocker)
- Higher cumulative dose, higher body weight, decrease FS after 5 doses (<15%), VPC
MST after clinical signs = 29 days
Layer-specific myocardial function in asymptomatic cats with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy assessed using 2-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography – 2019, Suzuki,
Conclusion
In cats with HCM
- Longitudinal strains were lower
- Circumferential strains were lower
- Circumferential endocardial-to-epicardial strain ratio was higher in cats with HCM
Lidocaine for chemical cardioversion of orthodromic atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia in dogs – 2019, Wrigth, JVIM
Conclusion
27/32 experienced cardioversion before/at time of side effects (dose 2mg/kg)
** Higher in dogs with right free wall accessory pathway
Plasma and tissue angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 activity and plasma equilibrium concentrations of angiotensin peptides in dogs with heart disease – 2019, Larouche-Lebel, JVIM
ACE2 present in kidney and myocardial tissue and was significantly increased in dogs with CHF
increases in the median concentrations of beneficial angiotensin peptids (1-7) in dogs with CHF vs preclinical disease
Risk factors and select cardiac characteristics in dogs naturally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi presenting to a teaching hospital in Texas – 2019, Meyers, JVIM
Prevalence
Features
Prevalence: 16.8% were younger and had increased risk if infected housemate/littermate
Features: more likely to have ventricular arrhythmia (but 20% had normal ECG) and had cTnI > 0.129
Speckle tracking echocardiography in cats with preclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy – 2019, Spalla, JVIM
preclinical HCM have decreased long axis and radial deformation
Anatomy, baseline characteristics, and procedural outcome of patent ductus arteriosus in German Shepherd dogs” – Wesselowski. 2019, JVIM
Presentation
Diagnosis
MST
Presentation:
12 months 10 kg dogs with 50% having clinical signs (8/14 CHF manifested by pulmonary edema, ascites and Afib) and 8/28 arrhythmia (3 Afib, 5 VPC)
Features: 17/28 dogs had type IIA
Also 10 had concurrent disease (9/10 subaortic stenosis and 3 persistent left cranial vena cava)
MST: 8 years
Clinical, epidemiological and echocardiographic features and prognostic factors in cats with restrictive cardiomyopathy: A retrospective study of 92 cases (2001-2015). JVIM, 2019, Chetboul.
Classification Presentation (breed, signs, concurrent diseases) Echo MST
83/92 had myocardial RCM and 9/92 had endomyocardial
DSH and Birman
70% had clinical signs (68% CHF signs, 5 % ATE)
81% abnormal cardiac auscultation (59% heart murmur, 26% gallop, 17% arrhythmia)
21% had infectious disease (FIV, pyometers, UTI, bronchitis, FIP, pyometra)
Echo: 38% bilatrial enlargement, 24% LAE
MST: 667 days
Shorter if bialtrial enlargement, arrhythmia, increased LA:Ao
Clinical features and outcome in 25 dogs with respiratory-assocaited pulmonary hypertension treated with sildenafil” – JVIM 2019 Johnson
Presentation
Correlation between tricuspid regurgitation and QOL
Underlying diagnosis
Outcome
Presentation
- 12 y/o with Chihuahua, westies with syncope (64%), cough (56%), difficulty breathing (32%)
Correlation between tricuspid regurgitation and QOL : NO
Underlying diagnosis: interstitial lung disease> tracheobronchomalacia> inflammation/ infectious > BOAS
Outcome:
Sildenafil lower tricuspid regurgitation (except BOAS)
50% died within 6 months.
Eosinophilic bronchitis survived over 5 years
Clinical and laboratory findings and survival time associated with cardiac cachexia in dogs with congestive heart failure” – JVIM 2I19 neson
Presentation
Characteristics of dogs with cachexia
MST with risks factors
Presentation
11 y/o Chihuahua and CKCS
Characteristics of dogs with cachexia (130/269)
- Older
- Tachyarrhythmia/DCM
- Lower HCT, BP, Cl, albumin
MST (294 days) with risks factors
- Shorter if cachexia, arrhythmia, azotemia, under/overweight
Evaluation of a sensitive cardiac troponin I assay as a screening test for the diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats. JVIM, 2019, Hertzsch.
Accuracy
cTnI - cutoff 0.06 ng/mL (sensitivity 92%, specificity 95%) and the value correlates with LVFWd
The use of focused cardiac ultrasound to screen for occult heart disease in asymptomatic cats. JVIM, 2019, Loughran
Accuracy
Risk factors
86% of cats with heart disease were identified by non-specialist
Older, heavier, male cats
Evaluation of benazepril in cats with heart disease in a prospective, randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. JVIM, 2019, King.
Conclusion
Safe at 0.5-1 mg PO SID
Not useful
Comparison between the effects of torsemide and furosemide on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system of normal dogs. Journal of veterinary cardiology, 2019, Potter.
Efficacy
Torsemide had 38% greater diuresis, but no difference in renin, Angiotensin, aldosterone, UCCR, weight, HR, BP, BUN, creatinine, Na or K
Transient Myocardial Thickening (TMT) in Cats Associated with Heart Failure, Novo Matos JVIM 2018,
Characteristics of cats with TMT
Outcome
TMT:
- 2 years (vs 8 years)
- Thinner left ventricular walls
- Mild increase in LE and decrease atrial FS
- Normalized wtihin 3 months
CHF resolved in 20/21 in cats with TMT and 15/21 in HCM
Plasma NT-proBNP and Cell-Free DNA Concentrations after Prolonged Strenuous Exercise in Working Farm Dogs, Hunt, JVIM 2018,
Conclusion
NT-proBNP
Baseline increase after work
cfDNA
Baseline increase after work
Evaluation of point-of-care thoracic ultrasound and NT-proBNP for the diagnosis of congestive heart failure in cats with respiratory distress, Ward, JVIM 2018
LUS
NT-proBNP
LUS:
- LAE: sensitivity 97% specificity 100%
- Pericardial effusion sensitivity 60% specificity 100%
- Better > 1 site with > 3 B-lines
NT-proBNP
- sensitivity 94% specificity 72%
Establishment of reference values of the caudal vena cava by fast-ultrasonography through different views in healthy dogs, Darnis JVIM 2018,
mesured at HV and PV
Diagnostic utility of cardiac troponin I in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Hori JVIM 2018,
cTnI
- higher in diseased cat and higher than CHF
- 0.163 = sensitivity 62% and specificity 100% for normal vs asymptomatic
- 0.234 = sensitivity 95% vs specificity 78% for CHF
Longitudinal Analysis of Quality of Life, Clinical, Radiographic, Echocardiographic, and Laboratory Variables in Dogs with Preclinical Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease Receiving Pimobendan or Placebo: The EPIC Study, Boswood JVIM 2018,
Effect of pimobendan
- Reduces heart size
- Improve outcome and increase time CHF
- Mild increase in FS
- Lower RR and HR
Symmetric dimethylarginine in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and diabetes mellitus JVIM 2018, Langhorn
Compare SDMA with disease
SDMA higher for renal
SDMA lower with DM
SDMA normal with HCM/CHF
Restrospective evaluation of the effect of the effect of heart rate on survival in dogs with atrial fibrillation JVIM 2018, Pedro
Presentation
Outcome
Presentation: male Dogue Bordeaux, Labrador, GSD
Outcome: MST with HR<125 (1037) vs HR>125 (105)
** stricter rate control aproach
Clinical finding and survival time in dogs with advanced heart failure JVIM 2018, Beaumier
Duration of stage C to D
MST
163 days
MST stage D 281 days
Longer if high furosemide dose, non-hospitalization
Angiostrongylosis in dogs with negative fecal and in-clinic rapid serological tests: 7 cases (2013-2017) JVIM 2018, Canonne
How to diagnose
ELISA for Ab and qPCR on BAL
Atrioventricular accessory pathways in 89 dogs: Clinical features and outcome after radiofrequency catheter ablation JVIM 2018, Wright
Presentation
Echo/ECG
Treatment
Complication
Presentation
Labradors (47%), Golden, Boxer, English Bulldogs
Lethargy, GI (V+, A-)
Echo: dilation of left side
ECG: mostly right sided
Treatment: radiofrequency catheter ablation successfull in elimination of AP conduction in 99%
Complication:
Vfib, electrical dissociation, neuro deficits from CPR
Efficacy of pentamidine analogue 6 in dogs with chronic atrial fibrillation JVIM 2018, Szatmari
Efficacy
Side effects
Did not cause cardioversion, no change in QRS and no change in RR interval
Adverse include VPC, laryngeal paralysis
Prognostic value of echocardiographic indices of left atrial morphology and function in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease JVIM 2018, Toaldo
Predictor of cardiac death
- mitral valve E wave velocity
- LAVmax (left atrial maximal volume) appears the strongest predictor
- NOT LA:Ao
Comparison of the mitral valve morphologies of Cavalier King Charles Spaniels and dogs of other breeds using 3D transthoracic echocardiography JVIM 2018, Menciotti
-Smaller annulus and tenting height (flatter)
A prospective randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of sacubitril/valsartan (Entresto) in dogs with cardiomegaly secondary to myxomatous mitral valve disease JVIM 2018, Newhard
Efficacy
Adverse effects
Urinary aldosterone to creatinine ratio was lower in Entresto group (inhibitory effect of RAAS activation)
No adverse effects
