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Specialty Exam > Infectious > Flashcards

Infectious Flashcards

1
Q

Which leptospirosis interrogans serovars are the most common in North America?

A

Canicola and icterohemorrhagia

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2
Q

The snap ELISA for leptospirosis detects what?

A

Antibodies (IgG > IgM) against LipL32

*** Not as good as Witness for acute infection

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3
Q

Pneumonyssus, euvolemia and cuterebra can all infect which system?

A

Nose

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4
Q

Which bacteria can be transmitted through raw food?

A 
Campylobacter
Enterococcus
E.coli
Staphylococcus aureus
Salmonella
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5
Q

Which parasites can be transmitted through raw food?

A 
Cryptosporidium
Echinococcus
Giardia
Neospora
Toxocara
Toxoplasma
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6
Q

Which immunoglobulin is usually produced first ?

A

IgM

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7
Q

Which immunoglobulin usually remain high for very long time?

A

IgG

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8
Q

Which breed are predisposed to membranoproliferative Lyme nephritis?

A

Golden and Labrador

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9
Q

Leptospirosis canicola, Bratislava and gryppotyphosa mostly affect which system?

A

Renal +hepatic

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10
Q

Leptospirosis icterohemorrhagia and Pomona mostly affect which system?

A

Hepatic

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11
Q

What are the 3 forms of transmission from Yersinia pestis?

A

Flea - rodent that can be ingested, scratch or inhaled

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12
Q

What are the clinical signs of Yersinia pestis? Name a diagnostic method? Treatment?

A

Lymph nodes abscess
DIC
Fever

Rare in dogs

Culture of tonsils

Gentamicin

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13
Q

What is the diagnostic method of franciscella tularensis?

A

Gram -
Microscopy agglutination of antibodies

Treatment with gentamicin and surgery

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13
Q

What is the diagnostic method of franciscella tularensis?

A

Gram -
Microscopy agglutination of antibodies

Treatment with gentamicin and surgery

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14
Q

What are the signs of coxiella Burnett I? Diagnosis ?

Treatment?

A

Atypical pneumonia, vascular is, splenomegaly, fever, abortion

IgG titers

Tetracycline and chloramphenicol

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15
Q

What is the treatment for mycobacterium?

A

Rifampin
Clarithomycin
Isoniazid

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17
Q

Which are the states where blastomycosis and histoplasmosis are frequent?

A

Ohio
Missouri
Mississippiq

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18
Q

For lyme disease, what is the gram, mode of transmission and diagnosis?

A

Gram -

Tranmission - Ixodes transmit OpsA

Snap 4dx - C6
Western Blot 
OpsA - indicates vaccination
OpsC - antibodies within 2-3 weeks, then wean after 5 months
OpsF - persists
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19
Q

For babesia, indicates the transmission, main system affected and treatment.

Gibsoni
Canis vogeli
Canis

A

Gibsoni - pitbull
Canis vogeli - rhipicephalus
Canis - dermacentor

Main system: IMHA, DIC

Treatment:
Gibsoni: Atovaquone + azithromycin
Canis: imidocarb

20
Q

For bartonella, indicate the gram, which specific cells it invades, the 2 main diagnostics methods and specific treatment recommendations.

A

Gram - facultative IC

Feces from flea invade endothelial cells CD34+

Diagnosis: DNA of affected tissues, Enrichement PCR

Treatment: second antibiotic needs to be started 5-7 days after the first t o avoid Jarisch-Herxheimer

1) Doxycycline + baytril
2) Azythromycin + rifampin

21
Q

For hepatozoon americanum, describe the 3 phases and their associated clinical signs, 2 methods of diagnosis and treatment.

A 
Phases:
1) Sporozoite within GI
2) Merozoites: pyogranuloma
3) Gamonts - infectious organism
Fever, painful gait from periosteal proliferation, mucopurulent ocular discharge, glomerulo-nephritis

Diagnosis:
Biopsies of femoris or semitendinous
PCR

Treatment:
Clindamycin + pyrimethamine
Decoquinate to decrease recurrence

22
Q

For neospora, what are the 2 methods of transmission, clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment

A

Transmission

  • Bradyzoites in meat (horizontal)
  • Tachyzoites in placenta (vertical)

Clinical signs:

  • Young: ascending paralysis and HL rigidity, megaesophagus
  • Older: can have myocarditis and CNS

Diagnosis:
Antibody (IF)
Biopsies (Light microscopy)

Treatment: none
TMS, pyrimethamine +/- clindamycin

23
Q

For leptospirosis, which gram ? Which is the best diagnostics methods?

A

Gram -

Diagnosis via micro-agglutination (IgM and IgG) or PCR if within 10 days of infection

24
Q

For Ehrlichia, which tick for:
Canis
Chaffensis
Ewingii

Clinical signs, more severe in which breed, the chronic forms lead to which issue.

Diagnosis

Coinfection

A

Canis - Rhipicephalus
Chaffensis - Amblyomma or dermacentor
Ewingii - Amblyomma phagocytophilium

Clinical signs: Ewingii = IMPA, polymyositis, CNS, uveitis.
More severe in German Shepherd
The chronic forms lead to bone marrow hypoplasia

Diagnosis:
Serology 8-20 days after inoculation
PCR within 10 days

Coinfection with Anaplasma platys, babesia, hepatozoon and rickettsia

25
Q

For anasplasma, which gram ? Which vector ?

A

Gram - intracellular

Platys: rhipicephalus sanguineus
Phagocytophylum: Ixodes

26
Q

For Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, which vector ? Clinical signs ? Diagnosis ? Treatment

A

Vector: Rhipicephalus, dermacentor
Clinical signs: within 2-14 days. Fever, enlarged LN, edema, CNS, ocular, respiratory distress
Diagnosis: serology after 7-10 days
Treatment: doxycycline

27
Q

For Toxoplasmosis - what are the 2 forms and best diagnostic method ?

A

2 forms:

  • Tachyzoites - disseminated in blood during active infection
  • Bradyzoites- slow dividing tissue phase

Diagnosis with IgM > 1:64

28
Q

For Leishmaniosis, what are the clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment ?

A

Signs: cutaneous (including oxychogryphosis), GI and visceral
Diagnosis: IFA antibodies
Treatment: meglumine antimoniate, allopurinol

Can be transplacenta and transfusion

29
Q

For trypanosomia Cruzi, what is the vector, 3 forms, diagnosis and treatment ?

A 
Vector: triatomine, transplacenta, transfusion
Forms:
1) Acute - myocarditis + arrhythmia
2) Latent - intermittent arrhythmia
3)  Chronic - DCM- like

Diagnosis: PCR if acute and antibodies if > 3 weeks

Treatment: benznidazole, nifurtimox

30
Q

For Brucella, what is the gram ? The findings within reproductive organ ? Screening diagnosis ? Sensitive test ? Treatment ?

A

Gram -

Necrotizing vasculitis placenta, granulomatous epididymitis

Sreening via serology, RSAT is sensitive - takes about 4 weeks to be positive.

Treatment: tetracycline, dihydrostreptomycin, aminoglycoside

31
Q

For Cytauxzoon, which vector ?

For the forms: schizont and piroplasma - what are the signs and they can be seen in which cells ? Diagnosis? Treatment?

A

Vector: Demacentor and Amblyomma americanum

Schizont: enlarged mononuclear cells which can result in occlusion of organs (liver, spleen and lungs). Seen in macrophages

Piroplasm: usually asymptomatic, IMHA. Seen in RBC

Diagnosis: PCR of 18s RNA
Treatment: Atovaquone and azithromycin

32
Q

For pneumocystis, what are the clinical signs, BAL staining, treatment?

A

Clinical signs: cough, weight loss, pyoderma
BAL staining: immunoperoxidase staining
TMS

33
Q

For Tuberculosis, what are the clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment ?

A

Skin: SQ masses with draning tract
Panniculitis, GI and respiratory

Diagnosis: Acid-fast staining, culture (takes 4-6 weeks) or PCR

Treatment: Rifampin, fluoroquinolones and macrolide (clarithromycin)

34
Q

Which disease can lead to disease in humans with cat scratch?

A

Bartonella, nocardia, sporotrichosis

35
Q

What does leproid leads to clinical signs ? Diagnosis ? Treatment?

A

Signs: head, limb and ulceration
PCR or Ziehl-Neelson
Treatment: Rifampin, fluoroquinolones and macrolide (clarithromycin)

36
Q

What gram is actinomyces ? Diagnosis and treatment?

A

Gram + that is commensal to mucous membranes and can cause effusion, abscess and pyothorax
Diagnosis: Modiried Ziehl-Neelson, PCR
Treatment: high dose penicillin

37
Q

What gram is nocardia ? Clinical signs ? Treatment?

A

Gram +

Signs: cutaneous if inoculation. can have disseminated if low immune system +/- inhalation.

Treatment: TMS

38
Q

For clostridium tetani, what is the gram and transmission ? Which toxins causes which clinical signs? Diagnosis? Treatment

A

Gram + that spore into wound and grow under anaerobic conditions (delayed reaction)

Zinc metalloprotease toxins:
Class I - facial (third eyelid prolapse, enophtalmia, erect ears). Can stay localized if cats
Class II - Rigidity with dysphagia
Class III - recumbant / seizures
Class IV - anormal HR and BP

Diagnosis: antibodies to tetanospasmin

Treatment: antitoxin, surgery

39
Q

For clostridium botulinum, which gram and mode of transmission ? Clinical signs ? Diagnosis ? Treatment ?

A

Gram + in spoiled food which release C1 toxin and prevent relase of Ach ?

Clinical signs: flaccid paresis within 12 hours (mydriasis, KCS, urine retention, megaesophagus)

Diagnosis: botulinum toxin if early, PCR/ELISA in foo

Treatment: antitoxin C (decrease severity of signs)

40
Q

For Neorickettsia Helminthoeca, it is seen in which area ? Affects which organs ? Diagnosis ? Treatment?

A

California and Vancouver

Organs: LN, lungs, spleen, liver and brain

Diagnosis: fecal sugar flottation - see trematode

Treatment: Doxycycline + praziquantel

41
Q

For cryptococcus, what is the reservoir ? What is the diagnosis ? and treatment?

A

Reservoir

  • Neoformans: pigeons
  • Gattii: eucalyptus

Diagnosis: latex agglutination (serology)

Treatment: Amphotericin Bor Amphotericin B with fluconazole/itraconazole

42
Q

For coccidiomycosis, where is it seen and which system are affected ? What are common clinical signs ? Diagnosis via culture? Treatment?

A

California and arizona
Systems: bone, CNS, skin, LN, pericardium. Can lead to hyperglobulinemia, proteinuria and hilar lymphadenopathy

NO CULTURE. Can do serology (IgM takes 2-5 weeks and IgG takes 8-12 weeks).

Treatment: Amphotericin B + flucytosine or Amphotericin B with fluconazole/itraconazole/voricazole

43
Q

For blastomycosis, how to diagnose and which treatment?

A

Urine antigen
Itraconazole and amphotericin B

NO CULTURE

44
Q

For histoplasmosis, how to diagnose and which treatment?

A

Urine antigen

45
Q

For sporotrichosis, how to transmit the disease ? Clinical signs? Diagnosis ? Treatment ?

A

Transmitted via direct skin contact

Clinical signs: purulent ulcerated lesion. Can disseminate to respiratory, lymph node, CNS, muscles

Diagnosis: cytology or culture

Treatment: itraconazole

46
Q

Which 2 infections transmitted by Ixodes scapularis are often seen together in cats?

A

Anaplasma phagocytophilum

Borrelia burgdoferi

Specialty Exam (11 decks)

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