Infectious Flashcards
Which leptospirosis interrogans serovars are the most common in North America?
Canicola and icterohemorrhagia
The snap ELISA for leptospirosis detects what?
Antibodies (IgG > IgM) against LipL32
*** Not as good as Witness for acute infection
Pneumonyssus, euvolemia and cuterebra can all infect which system?
Nose
Which bacteria can be transmitted through raw food?
Campylobacter Enterococcus E.coli Staphylococcus aureus Salmonella
Which parasites can be transmitted through raw food?
Cryptosporidium Echinococcus Giardia Neospora Toxocara Toxoplasma
Which immunoglobulin is usually produced first ?
IgM
Which immunoglobulin usually remain high for very long time?
IgG
Which breed are predisposed to membranoproliferative Lyme nephritis?
Golden and Labrador
Leptospirosis canicola, Bratislava and gryppotyphosa mostly affect which system?
Renal +hepatic
Leptospirosis icterohemorrhagia and Pomona mostly affect which system?
Hepatic
What are the 3 forms of transmission from Yersinia pestis?
Flea - rodent that can be ingested, scratch or inhaled
What are the clinical signs of Yersinia pestis? Name a diagnostic method? Treatment?
Lymph nodes abscess
DIC
Fever
Rare in dogs
Culture of tonsils
Gentamicin
What is the diagnostic method of franciscella tularensis?
Gram -
Microscopy agglutination of antibodies
Treatment with gentamicin and surgery
What is the diagnostic method of franciscella tularensis?
Gram -
Microscopy agglutination of antibodies
Treatment with gentamicin and surgery
What are the signs of coxiella Burnett I? Diagnosis ?
Treatment?
Atypical pneumonia, vascular is, splenomegaly, fever, abortion
IgG titers
Tetracycline and chloramphenicol
What is the treatment for mycobacterium?
Rifampin
Clarithomycin
Isoniazid
Which are the states where blastomycosis and histoplasmosis are frequent?
Ohio
Missouri
Mississippiq
For lyme disease, what is the gram, mode of transmission and diagnosis?
Gram -
Tranmission - Ixodes transmit OpsA
Snap 4dx - C6 Western Blot OpsA - indicates vaccination OpsC - antibodies within 2-3 weeks, then wean after 5 months OpsF - persists
For babesia, indicates the transmission, main system affected and treatment.
Gibsoni
Canis vogeli
Canis
Gibsoni - pitbull
Canis vogeli - rhipicephalus
Canis - dermacentor
Main system: IMHA, DIC
Treatment:
Gibsoni: Atovaquone + azithromycin
Canis: imidocarb
For bartonella, indicate the gram, which specific cells it invades, the 2 main diagnostics methods and specific treatment recommendations.
Gram - facultative IC
Feces from flea invade endothelial cells CD34+
Diagnosis: DNA of affected tissues, Enrichement PCR
Treatment: second antibiotic needs to be started 5-7 days after the first t o avoid Jarisch-Herxheimer
1) Doxycycline + baytril
2) Azythromycin + rifampin
For hepatozoon americanum, describe the 3 phases and their associated clinical signs, 2 methods of diagnosis and treatment.
Phases: 1) Sporozoite within GI 2) Merozoites: pyogranuloma 3) Gamonts - infectious organism Fever, painful gait from periosteal proliferation, mucopurulent ocular discharge, glomerulo-nephritis
Diagnosis:
Biopsies of femoris or semitendinous
PCR
Treatment:
Clindamycin + pyrimethamine
Decoquinate to decrease recurrence
For neospora, what are the 2 methods of transmission, clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment
Transmission
- Bradyzoites in meat (horizontal)
- Tachyzoites in placenta (vertical)
Clinical signs:
- Young: ascending paralysis and HL rigidity, megaesophagus
- Older: can have myocarditis and CNS
Diagnosis:
Antibody (IF)
Biopsies (Light microscopy)
Treatment: none
TMS, pyrimethamine +/- clindamycin
For leptospirosis, which gram ? Which is the best diagnostics methods?
Gram -
Diagnosis via micro-agglutination (IgM and IgG) or PCR if within 10 days of infection
For Ehrlichia, which tick for:
Canis
Chaffensis
Ewingii
Clinical signs, more severe in which breed, the chronic forms lead to which issue.
Diagnosis
Coinfection
Canis - Rhipicephalus
Chaffensis - Amblyomma or dermacentor
Ewingii - Amblyomma phagocytophilium
Clinical signs: Ewingii = IMPA, polymyositis, CNS, uveitis.
More severe in German Shepherd
The chronic forms lead to bone marrow hypoplasia
Diagnosis:
Serology 8-20 days after inoculation
PCR within 10 days
Coinfection with Anaplasma platys, babesia, hepatozoon and rickettsia
For anasplasma, which gram ? Which vector ?
Gram - intracellular
Platys: rhipicephalus sanguineus
Phagocytophylum: Ixodes
For Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, which vector ? Clinical signs ? Diagnosis ? Treatment
Vector: Rhipicephalus, dermacentor
Clinical signs: within 2-14 days. Fever, enlarged LN, edema, CNS, ocular, respiratory distress
Diagnosis: serology after 7-10 days
Treatment: doxycycline
For Toxoplasmosis - what are the 2 forms and best diagnostic method ?
2 forms:
- Tachyzoites - disseminated in blood during active infection
- Bradyzoites- slow dividing tissue phase
Diagnosis with IgM > 1:64
For Leishmaniosis, what are the clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment ?
Signs: cutaneous (including oxychogryphosis), GI and visceral
Diagnosis: IFA antibodies
Treatment: meglumine antimoniate, allopurinol
Can be transplacenta and transfusion
For trypanosomia Cruzi, what is the vector, 3 forms, diagnosis and treatment ?
Vector: triatomine, transplacenta, transfusion Forms: 1) Acute - myocarditis + arrhythmia 2) Latent - intermittent arrhythmia 3) Chronic - DCM- like
Diagnosis: PCR if acute and antibodies if > 3 weeks
Treatment: benznidazole, nifurtimox
For Brucella, what is the gram ? The findings within reproductive organ ? Screening diagnosis ? Sensitive test ? Treatment ?
Gram -
Necrotizing vasculitis placenta, granulomatous epididymitis
Sreening via serology, RSAT is sensitive - takes about 4 weeks to be positive.
Treatment: tetracycline, dihydrostreptomycin, aminoglycoside
For Cytauxzoon, which vector ?
For the forms: schizont and piroplasma - what are the signs and they can be seen in which cells ? Diagnosis? Treatment?
Vector: Demacentor and Amblyomma americanum
Schizont: enlarged mononuclear cells which can result in occlusion of organs (liver, spleen and lungs). Seen in macrophages
Piroplasm: usually asymptomatic, IMHA. Seen in RBC
Diagnosis: PCR of 18s RNA
Treatment: Atovaquone and azithromycin
For pneumocystis, what are the clinical signs, BAL staining, treatment?
Clinical signs: cough, weight loss, pyoderma
BAL staining: immunoperoxidase staining
TMS
For Tuberculosis, what are the clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment ?
Skin: SQ masses with draning tract
Panniculitis, GI and respiratory
Diagnosis: Acid-fast staining, culture (takes 4-6 weeks) or PCR
Treatment: Rifampin, fluoroquinolones and macrolide (clarithromycin)
Which disease can lead to disease in humans with cat scratch?
Bartonella, nocardia, sporotrichosis
What does leproid leads to clinical signs ? Diagnosis ? Treatment?
Signs: head, limb and ulceration
PCR or Ziehl-Neelson
Treatment: Rifampin, fluoroquinolones and macrolide (clarithromycin)
What gram is actinomyces ? Diagnosis and treatment?
Gram + that is commensal to mucous membranes and can cause effusion, abscess and pyothorax
Diagnosis: Modiried Ziehl-Neelson, PCR
Treatment: high dose penicillin
What gram is nocardia ? Clinical signs ? Treatment?
Gram +
Signs: cutaneous if inoculation. can have disseminated if low immune system +/- inhalation.
Treatment: TMS
For clostridium tetani, what is the gram and transmission ? Which toxins causes which clinical signs? Diagnosis? Treatment
Gram + that spore into wound and grow under anaerobic conditions (delayed reaction)
Zinc metalloprotease toxins: Class I - facial (third eyelid prolapse, enophtalmia, erect ears). Can stay localized if cats Class II - Rigidity with dysphagia Class III - recumbant / seizures Class IV - anormal HR and BP
Diagnosis: antibodies to tetanospasmin
Treatment: antitoxin, surgery
For clostridium botulinum, which gram and mode of transmission ? Clinical signs ? Diagnosis ? Treatment ?
Gram + in spoiled food which release C1 toxin and prevent relase of Ach ?
Clinical signs: flaccid paresis within 12 hours (mydriasis, KCS, urine retention, megaesophagus)
Diagnosis: botulinum toxin if early, PCR/ELISA in foo
Treatment: antitoxin C (decrease severity of signs)
For Neorickettsia Helminthoeca, it is seen in which area ? Affects which organs ? Diagnosis ? Treatment?
California and Vancouver
Organs: LN, lungs, spleen, liver and brain
Diagnosis: fecal sugar flottation - see trematode
Treatment: Doxycycline + praziquantel
For cryptococcus, what is the reservoir ? What is the diagnosis ? and treatment?
Reservoir
- Neoformans: pigeons
- Gattii: eucalyptus
Diagnosis: latex agglutination (serology)
Treatment: Amphotericin Bor Amphotericin B with fluconazole/itraconazole
For coccidiomycosis, where is it seen and which system are affected ? What are common clinical signs ? Diagnosis via culture? Treatment?
California and arizona
Systems: bone, CNS, skin, LN, pericardium. Can lead to hyperglobulinemia, proteinuria and hilar lymphadenopathy
NO CULTURE. Can do serology (IgM takes 2-5 weeks and IgG takes 8-12 weeks).
Treatment: Amphotericin B + flucytosine or Amphotericin B with fluconazole/itraconazole/voricazole
For blastomycosis, how to diagnose and which treatment?
Urine antigen
Itraconazole and amphotericin B
NO CULTURE
For histoplasmosis, how to diagnose and which treatment?
Urine antigen
For sporotrichosis, how to transmit the disease ? Clinical signs? Diagnosis ? Treatment ?
Transmitted via direct skin contact
Clinical signs: purulent ulcerated lesion. Can disseminate to respiratory, lymph node, CNS, muscles
Diagnosis: cytology or culture
Treatment: itraconazole
Which 2 infections transmitted by Ixodes scapularis are often seen together in cats?
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
Borrelia burgdoferi
