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Specialty Exam > Gastro-intestinal > Flashcards

Gastro-intestinal Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main component of the bile? Which one increases with GB mucocele?

A 
Taurocholic acid (70%)
Taurodeoxycholic acid (20%) - the one that increases with GB mucocele
Taurochenodeoxycholic acid (6%)
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2
Q

What are the changes seen with GBM?

A

Increase leptin
Decreased motility
Increased fraction of taurodeoxycholic

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3
Q

Where is the lesion located in reactive hepatopathy?

A

Portal area

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4
Q

Which mutation is present (and can be tested) in Bedlington terrier that explains copper accumulation?

A

COMMD1

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5
Q

Which stain for evaluation of copper ?

A

Rhodanine

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6
Q

What is the intestinal pacemaker and what are the signals for depolarization?

A

Interstitial cells of cajal

  • stretching
  • acetycholine
  • hormones
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7
Q

What is the main component of the salivary glands?

A

High potassium and bicarbonate, low NaCl

serous (contains ptyalin to digest starches)

Mucous ( contains mucin for lubrication)

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8
Q

Which nerves are damage is abnormal swallowing?

A

V, IX or X

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9
Q

What can dogs synthesize from precursor in plants?

A

Taurine, arachidonic acid, and vitamin A

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10
Q

Dogs have an obligation to conjugate bile acids with _____ and cannot synthesize ______

A

Taurine

Vitamin D

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11
Q

Name the 4 fuels for exercise

A

1) creatine phosphate for ATP (seconds)
2) glycolysis
3) beta oxidation of fat
4) amino acids (gluconeogenesis)

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12
Q

Which are the essentials protein and vitamin of cats?

A

Taurine and arginine

Vitamin D, A and niacin

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13
Q

What is the primary fuel source of the GI epithelium?

A

Glutamine

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14
Q

Where is the intrinsic factor produce in cats? Dogs?

A

Cats: pancreas

Dogs: pancreas and stomach (parietal cells)

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15
Q

Which 2 minerals are needed for thyroid function?

A

Selenium

Iodine

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16
Q

Hyperlipidemia can affect which systems?

A

Neurological, ophthalmic, renal, gastrointestinal, dermatologic (xanthomata)

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17
Q

In which organs does the formation of vitamin D occur

A

Absorbed within SI by salt dependant passive diffusion – first hydroxylation within the liver – second within the kidneys

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18
Q

Which nutrient/vitamin does leukocytes need ?

A

Glucose, glutamine, vitamin A and D, leptin

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19
Q

Upon entry in the cells, glucose is ________ via _______ (liver) or ______ (other) into _________

A

Upon entry in the cells, glucose is PHOSPHORYLATED via GLUCOKINASE (liver) or HEXOKINASE (other) into glucose -6-phosphate

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20
Q

Glucose is store in lover and muscle in the form of

A

Glycogen

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21
Q

Adipose tissue store which nutrient and secretes which hormones?

A

Triglycerides

Leptin and adiponectin

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22
Q

Nonessential amino acids can be synthesize in cells, but require which vitamin?

A

B6

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23
Q

Which are the 3 forms of proteins and where are they form ?

A

1) albumin - liver
2) globulin - liver and lymphoid tissue
3) fibrinogen - liver

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24
Q

What is the name of the molecule used as ATP buffer?

A

Phosphocreatine

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25
Q

Diarrhea of SI is characterized by ___ while diarrhea of LI is characterized by ____

A

SI - large volume, few times a day

LI - frequent with urgency and tenesmus

26
Q

Which marker is loss in feces of animals with PLze and may be more sensitive than albumin?

A

a1-protease

27
Q

Name a few ways of diagnosing dysautonomia?

A
  • esophageal dilation / hypomotility
  • delayed gastric emptying
  • reduced tear production
  • atropine insensitive bradycardia
  • bladder and colonic distention
28
Q

What is the new test for EPI? What is the best food?

A

ELISA for fecal elastase

Low fiber and moderate fat

29
Q

Bile acids are synthesized from. _____ and conjugated with ______

A

Chloesterol

Amino acid - most taurine but sometimes glycine in dogs

30
Q

Which contrast agent is used to assess portal circulation ?

A

Technetium -99m pertechnetate

31
Q

Cooper accumulates in which area when it is secondary accumulation?

A

Periportal

32
Q

Which medication can be used for copper accumulation if concurrent IMHA?

A

Trientine

33
Q

Which infections cause hepatic necrosis?

A

Adenovirus-1
Herpesvirus in puppy
Virulent calico virus
Clostridium piliform

34
Q

Which are of the liver is primarily affected by drug induced hepatotoxicity?

A

Centrolubular because abundance of cytochrome p450

35
Q

Half life of ALT in cats ? Dogs ? And ALP?

A

ALT
Dogs: 60 hours
Cats: 6 hours

ALP
dogs: 70 hours
Cats: 6 hours

36
Q

Chloestyramine can be used for treatment of which disease?

A

Enteric cyanotoxin

37
Q

What is the most common hepatic fungal infection?

A

Histoplasmosis

38
Q

Dogs with intrahepatic shunts are more at risk of which complication?

A

GI ulceration

39
Q

GGT is usually _____ with primary hepatic lipidosis?

A

Normal

40
Q

Which disease causes parakeratotic hyperkeratosis with edema and classic red, white and blue appearance on hematoxylin and eosin stained section of skin?

A

Superficial necrolytic dermatitis

Zinc dermatosis

41
Q

Which treatment is specific for cats in acetaminophen toxicity?

A

Vitamin C

42
Q

Why are amanita mushrooms toxic?

A

Inhibits RNA polymerase –> arrest protein synthesis in intestines, hepatocytes and renal tubular cells

43
Q

An extensive paraneoplastic alopecia in cats can be seen in which cancer?

A

Exocrine pancreatic neoplasia

44
Q

Which electrolyte derangement is associated with negative prognostic indicator in cats with hepatic lipidosis?

A

Hypokalemia

45
Q

ALP is associated with which tissue?

A 
Kidneys
Liver
Bone 
Placenta
Intestines
46
Q

Which masticatory muscle contains 2 M fibers ?

A

Temporal
Masseter
Pterygoid

47
Q

Which diet should be used with esophageal reflux?

A

Low fat

48
Q

Low gastrin is seen with ______ and increased gastrin + pH < 3 is seen with ____

A

Low gastrin is seen with MAST CELLS / HYPERHISTAMINE and increased gastrin + pH < 3 is seen with GASTRINOMA

49
Q

What is the treatment for serotonin syndrome?

A

Cyproheptadine

50
Q

Intoxication resulting in inhibition of vitamin K depend factors - how to monitor?

A

Via PT as factor VII has the shortest half life and will be the first to decrease

51
Q

Intoxication with organophosphate inhibits acetylcholinesterase, resulting in the following clinical signs and can be treated with either of those medication

A

Clinical signs: SLUDGE (salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, GI upset and emesis)

Antidote include atropine or 2- PAM

52
Q

How to reverse diazepam?

A

Flumazenil

53
Q

CNS dépression, ataxia, mydriasis , hypothermia, bradycardia, increase reactivity along with which 2 specific signs can be seen with THC intoxication?

A

Dogs: incontinence

Cats: fly bitting

54
Q

Which are the 3 systems affected by Lily ingestion?

A

GI
Renal
CNS

55
Q

Which system are affected by cycads intoxication?

A

GI
Hepatic
CNS

56
Q

Castor beans results in which toxicosis?

A

Inactivate RNA - CNS, renal, hepatic and adrenal necrosis

57
Q

Garlic toxicosis results in which changes and what is the treatment?

A

Hemolysis and Heinz body

Ascorbic acid

58
Q

Dosage of allopurinol, butorphanole, chloramphenicol, Doxorubicin, furosemide, lidocaine, metronidazole, phenobarbital, theophylline and vincristine should be reduced in dogs with dysfunction of which system?

A

Liver

59
Q

Doses of atenolol, benazepril, enalapril, enrofloxacin, famotidine, fluconazole, gabapentin, levetiracetam, metoclopramide, spironolactone and TMS should be reduced in animal with which system failure?

A

Renal

60
Q

What are the 4 forms of atresia ani?

A

I- congenital - fibrous ring at anal opening
Ii - imperforate anus
III- imperforate + cranial termination
IV - discontinuity

Specialty Exam (11 decks)

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