Gastro-intestinal Flashcards
What are the main component of the bile? Which one increases with GB mucocele?
Taurocholic acid (70%) Taurodeoxycholic acid (20%) - the one that increases with GB mucocele Taurochenodeoxycholic acid (6%)
What are the changes seen with GBM?
Increase leptin
Decreased motility
Increased fraction of taurodeoxycholic
Where is the lesion located in reactive hepatopathy?
Portal area
Which mutation is present (and can be tested) in Bedlington terrier that explains copper accumulation?
COMMD1
Which stain for evaluation of copper ?
Rhodanine
What is the intestinal pacemaker and what are the signals for depolarization?
Interstitial cells of cajal
- stretching
- acetycholine
- hormones
What is the main component of the salivary glands?
High potassium and bicarbonate, low NaCl
serous (contains ptyalin to digest starches)
Mucous ( contains mucin for lubrication)
Which nerves are damage is abnormal swallowing?
V, IX or X
What can dogs synthesize from precursor in plants?
Taurine, arachidonic acid, and vitamin A
Dogs have an obligation to conjugate bile acids with _____ and cannot synthesize ______
Taurine
Vitamin D
Name the 4 fuels for exercise
1) creatine phosphate for ATP (seconds)
2) glycolysis
3) beta oxidation of fat
4) amino acids (gluconeogenesis)
Which are the essentials protein and vitamin of cats?
Taurine and arginine
Vitamin D, A and niacin
What is the primary fuel source of the GI epithelium?
Glutamine
Where is the intrinsic factor produce in cats? Dogs?
Cats: pancreas
Dogs: pancreas and stomach (parietal cells)
Which 2 minerals are needed for thyroid function?
Selenium
Iodine
Hyperlipidemia can affect which systems?
Neurological, ophthalmic, renal, gastrointestinal, dermatologic (xanthomata)
In which organs does the formation of vitamin D occur
Absorbed within SI by salt dependant passive diffusion – first hydroxylation within the liver – second within the kidneys
Which nutrient/vitamin does leukocytes need ?
Glucose, glutamine, vitamin A and D, leptin
Upon entry in the cells, glucose is ________ via _______ (liver) or ______ (other) into _________
Upon entry in the cells, glucose is PHOSPHORYLATED via GLUCOKINASE (liver) or HEXOKINASE (other) into glucose -6-phosphate
Glucose is store in lover and muscle in the form of
Glycogen
Adipose tissue store which nutrient and secretes which hormones?
Triglycerides
Leptin and adiponectin
Nonessential amino acids can be synthesize in cells, but require which vitamin?
B6
Which are the 3 forms of proteins and where are they form ?
1) albumin - liver
2) globulin - liver and lymphoid tissue
3) fibrinogen - liver
What is the name of the molecule used as ATP buffer?
Phosphocreatine
Diarrhea of SI is characterized by ___ while diarrhea of LI is characterized by ____
SI - large volume, few times a day
LI - frequent with urgency and tenesmus
Which marker is loss in feces of animals with PLze and may be more sensitive than albumin?
a1-protease
Name a few ways of diagnosing dysautonomia?
- esophageal dilation / hypomotility
- delayed gastric emptying
- reduced tear production
- atropine insensitive bradycardia
- bladder and colonic distention
What is the new test for EPI? What is the best food?
ELISA for fecal elastase
Low fiber and moderate fat
Bile acids are synthesized from. _____ and conjugated with ______
Chloesterol
Amino acid - most taurine but sometimes glycine in dogs
Which contrast agent is used to assess portal circulation ?
Technetium -99m pertechnetate
Cooper accumulates in which area when it is secondary accumulation?
Periportal
Which medication can be used for copper accumulation if concurrent IMHA?
Trientine
Which infections cause hepatic necrosis?
Adenovirus-1
Herpesvirus in puppy
Virulent calico virus
Clostridium piliform
Which are of the liver is primarily affected by drug induced hepatotoxicity?
Centrolubular because abundance of cytochrome p450
Half life of ALT in cats ? Dogs ? And ALP?
ALT
Dogs: 60 hours
Cats: 6 hours
ALP
dogs: 70 hours
Cats: 6 hours
Chloestyramine can be used for treatment of which disease?
Enteric cyanotoxin
What is the most common hepatic fungal infection?
Histoplasmosis
Dogs with intrahepatic shunts are more at risk of which complication?
GI ulceration
GGT is usually _____ with primary hepatic lipidosis?
Normal
Which disease causes parakeratotic hyperkeratosis with edema and classic red, white and blue appearance on hematoxylin and eosin stained section of skin?
Superficial necrolytic dermatitis
Zinc dermatosis
Which treatment is specific for cats in acetaminophen toxicity?
Vitamin C
Why are amanita mushrooms toxic?
Inhibits RNA polymerase –> arrest protein synthesis in intestines, hepatocytes and renal tubular cells
An extensive paraneoplastic alopecia in cats can be seen in which cancer?
Exocrine pancreatic neoplasia
Which electrolyte derangement is associated with negative prognostic indicator in cats with hepatic lipidosis?
Hypokalemia
ALP is associated with which tissue?
Kidneys Liver Bone Placenta Intestines
Which masticatory muscle contains 2 M fibers ?
Temporal
Masseter
Pterygoid
Which diet should be used with esophageal reflux?
Low fat
Low gastrin is seen with ______ and increased gastrin + pH < 3 is seen with ____
Low gastrin is seen with MAST CELLS / HYPERHISTAMINE and increased gastrin + pH < 3 is seen with GASTRINOMA
What is the treatment for serotonin syndrome?
Cyproheptadine
Intoxication resulting in inhibition of vitamin K depend factors - how to monitor?
Via PT as factor VII has the shortest half life and will be the first to decrease
Intoxication with organophosphate inhibits acetylcholinesterase, resulting in the following clinical signs and can be treated with either of those medication
Clinical signs: SLUDGE (salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, GI upset and emesis)
Antidote include atropine or 2- PAM
How to reverse diazepam?
Flumazenil
CNS dépression, ataxia, mydriasis , hypothermia, bradycardia, increase reactivity along with which 2 specific signs can be seen with THC intoxication?
Dogs: incontinence
Cats: fly bitting
Which are the 3 systems affected by Lily ingestion?
GI
Renal
CNS
Which system are affected by cycads intoxication?
GI
Hepatic
CNS
Castor beans results in which toxicosis?
Inactivate RNA - CNS, renal, hepatic and adrenal necrosis
Garlic toxicosis results in which changes and what is the treatment?
Hemolysis and Heinz body
Ascorbic acid
Dosage of allopurinol, butorphanole, chloramphenicol, Doxorubicin, furosemide, lidocaine, metronidazole, phenobarbital, theophylline and vincristine should be reduced in dogs with dysfunction of which system?
Liver
Doses of atenolol, benazepril, enalapril, enrofloxacin, famotidine, fluconazole, gabapentin, levetiracetam, metoclopramide, spironolactone and TMS should be reduced in animal with which system failure?
Renal
What are the 4 forms of atresia ani?
I- congenital - fibrous ring at anal opening
Ii - imperforate anus
III- imperforate + cranial termination
IV - discontinuity
