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Specialty Exam > Cardiac > Flashcards

Cardiac Flashcards

1
Q

The sinoatrial node is located where and which cells are the main pacemaker?

A

Located in right atrium and P cells are the main pacemaker

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2
Q

Which abnormalities can lead to electrical alternans ?

A

Decreased calcium/K/Mg, amiodarone, HCM, CHF, TE

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3
Q

Which diseases can cause delayed repolarization and why is it bad?

A

Congenital (mutation of sodium or potassium channels) vs acquired (decreased Mg, K or Ça)

Can increase susceptibility to arrhythmia

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of A-fib ?

A

Absence of P wave, tachycardia and normal but irregular QRS

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5
Q

Which factors can cause vasodilation?

A

Adenosine, CO2, potassium, H+, histamine and NO

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6
Q

Which hormones are the most powerful for vasoconstriction?

A

Vasopressin > Angiotensin II > norepinephrine

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7
Q

Which ions causes vasoconstriction?

A

Calcium

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8
Q

Which nutrient does the heart consumes (as opposed to other systems)

A

Fatty acid instead of carbohydrates

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9
Q

Is calcium more present inside or outside the cell?

A

Extracellular

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10
Q

What happens at the neuromuscular junction?

A

Entry of calcium –> release Ach –> opens ions channels (Na,K, Ça) on post-synaptic membre –> action potential –> anticholinesterase destruct Ach –> résorbe choline

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11
Q

Which drugs can cause bradycardia?

A

Opioid, a2-agonist, B-adrenergic/calcium channel blockers (diltiazem, digoxin or sotalol)

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12
Q

What are the causes of sick sinus syndrome?

A

Mutation (in sodium channels or smooth muscles), fibrosis, dysfunction of ryanodine receptor)

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13
Q

What are the changes seen on ECG for atrial standstill and what is the treatment?

A

No P wave, only escape beats.

Ventricular pacemaker

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14
Q

Which treatment can be given for neurocardiogenic bradycardia mediated by cardiac C fibers?

A

Hyoscyamine/propantheline, theophylline (antagonist A1 adenosine receptor), terbutaline (acts on B1 receptor to increase parasympathetic tone) or isoproterenol (non selective B adrenergic receptors)

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15
Q

DCM is due to a mutation in which gene for which breed?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 in doberman

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16
Q

What can be heard on auscultation in DCM?

A

Low grade systolic left apical murmur with S3

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17
Q

Which disease is associated with a genetic deletion mutation in the 3’ untranslated region of striatin

A

ARVC

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18
Q

What are the 3 components of the virchow’s triad ?

A

Stasis, vessel wall injury and hypercoagulable state

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19
Q

Which change can be seen on radiographs with heartworm?

A

Enlarged caudal pulmonary artery

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20
Q

Do cats have evidence of microfilaria in HW disease?

A

No - 60% are not microfilaremic

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21
Q

What are the 2 ways to test for HW with ELISA?

A

Antigen that detects reproductive tract of adult female

Antibodies against L4 exposure

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22
Q

Which stage of the heartworm lives in mosquito?

A

L1-L3

23
Q

How long does it take for L4 to turn into adult heartworms? And how long before it produces off springs (L1)?

A

2-3 months and 3-4 months

24
Q

Which intracellular gram - bacteria contribute to pulmonary and renal inflammation through the protein WSP ?

A

Wolbachia

25
Q

In which case is adulticide therapy contra-indicated in heartworm infection?

A

Cats

Caval syndrome

26
Q

Which bacteria are the most common with endocarditis?

A

Staphylococcus, streptococcus and e.coli

27
Q

Which valves are the most affected with endocarditis ?

A

Mitral (can lead to TE) and aortic (bounding pulses)

28
Q

Which valve does Bartonella affects the most?

A

Aortic

29
Q

What are the major and minor criteria to diagnose endocarditis? How many to you need for definitive diagnosis?

A

Major: vegetative lesion on echocardiogram, new valvular insufficiency, > 2 positive blood culture

Minor criteria : fever, > 15 kg with mitral valve disease, TE, immune mediated disease

Definitive- 2 major or 1 Major and 2 minors

30
Q

What infection can lead to myocarditis in cats? dogs?

A

Cats - respiratory infection, toxoplasma

Dogs: parvovirus, Chagas, Lyme, Bartonella

31
Q

Which electrolyte abnormality can lead to atrial standstill?

A

Hyperkalemia

32
Q

Which ECG abnormalities are seen with tricuspid valve dysplasia?

A

Splintered QRS and P pulmonale

33
Q

Which congenital heart disease is the most common in cats ?

A

Ventricular septal defect

34
Q

ADH acts on V2 receptor within the kidneys to cause water retention, but also affects the cardiovascular system by which way?

A

Reacts with V1A receptors and causes vasoconstriction and inotropic actions

35
Q

Wall stress =

A

Pressure x radius (/2) x wall thickness

36
Q

What are the ECG characteristics for torsade de pointe, possible causes and treatment?

A

ECG - R on T ventricular extrasystole

Causes: hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, quinidine

Treatment: magnesium

37
Q

Are right bundle branch block pathological

A

Not pathological

38
Q

Which characteristic is seen on ECG in patient with Wolff Parkinson white syndrome?

A

Delta wave (mountain 🏔️)

39
Q

Which abnormalities of the pulses can be seen with the following congenital disease?

  • PDA
  • Subaortic stenosis
  • TVD/PS
A
  • PDA : water hammer pulse
  • Subaortic stenosis: weak pulse
  • TVD/PS: jugular pulse
40
Q

Which vessels are involved in PDA ?

A

Descending aorta and main pulmonary artery

41
Q

Are male or female overrepresented in PDA?

A

Female

42
Q

Where does the heart murmur from aortic stenosis can be hear?

A

Left base into carotid artery

43
Q

Which congenital heart disease requires prophylactic antibiotics?

A

Aortic stenosis

44
Q

Which medication can be use in case of severe subaortic stenosis?

A

Atenolol

45
Q

Tight ventricular outflow obstruction, VSD and rightward position aorta Along with cyanosis are seen with which disease?

A

Tetralogy of fallot

46
Q

Which radiographic change is seen with tetralogy of fallot?

A

Decrease pulmonary vasculature

47
Q

Which cat breed is predisposed to HCM ?

A

Maine coons - mutation in cardiac MyBPC

48
Q

Which anticoagulant can cause initial hypercoagulable state?

A

Warfarin because protein C levels fall prior to decrease in coagulation factors

49
Q

Which hypertensive ocular lesion is the most common? Can recovery occur?

A

Retinal hemorrhage

Yes, if < 1 week

50
Q

Dirofilaria results in which type of pneumopathy?

A

Restrictive

51
Q

What are the possible treatment for VSD?

A

Pulmonary artery banding (cats: if Qp:Qs > 3 or CHF)

Percutaneous transcatheter coil embolization (dogs)

52
Q

Which vascular ring abnormality is the most common in dogs ?

A

Type I - PRAA and left ligamentum arteriosum

53
Q

Which is the most common heart disease in dogs?

A

Pulmonary stenosis

Specialty Exam (11 decks)

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