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Specialty Exam > Drugs > Flashcards

Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following hypoglycemic agents:

SULFONYLUREAS + MEGLITINODES

A

insulin secretion from pancreatic beta- cells

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2
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following hypoglycemic agents:.

Biguanides

A

Insulin sensitizing effects

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3
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following hypoglycemic agents:

Thiazolidinediomes

A

Improved insulin sensitivity + suppress hepatic glucose production

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4
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following hypoglycemic agents:

Alpha glucosidase inhibitor

A

Delay breakdown of complex carbohydrates

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5
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following anticoagulant agent

Clopidogrel

A

Block platelet aggregation

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6
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following anticoagulant:

Aspirin

A

Irreversible inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase (thromboxane A2)

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7
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following anticoagulant:

Warfarin

A

Vitamin K + protein C/S

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8
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following anticoagulant + monitoring:

Unfractionated heparin

A

Potentiation of AT activity

PTT

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9
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following anticoagulant + monitoring:

Low molecular weight heparin

A

Inhibits function of Xa

Monitor Xa activity

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10
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following anticoagulant:

Tissue plasminogen activator

A

Increase plasmin at site of clot = increase fibrinolysis

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11
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following immunosuppressive therapy and it’s effects

Glucocorticoids

A

Regulate gene expression
Inhibit chemotactic factors
Release arachidonic acids

Primary effects on T cells

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12
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following immunosuppressive therapy and it’s effects:

Azathioprine

A

Purine analogue –> inhibits synthesis of de novo purine

Acts mostly on lymphocytes and humoral immunity

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13
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following immunosuppressive therapy and it’s effects

Mycophenolate

A

Inhibits synthesis of purine (second generation) –> inhibits cytokine and growth factor

Blocks T cell progression from G1 to S
Block B cell proliferation

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14
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following immunosuppressive therapy and it’s effects:

Leflunomide

A

Inhibits novo pyrimidine synthesis during S phase –> Inhibits cytokine and growth factor, suppress lymphocyte proliferation

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15
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following immunosuppressive therapy and it’s effects

Cyclosporine

A

Calcuneurin inhibitor, which inhibits kinase and phosphatase by impeding calcium dependant transduction and cause disruption of maturation of T cells at G0-G1 phase

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16
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following immunosuppressive therapy and it’s effects

Tacrolimus

A

Calcuneurin inhibitor, which inhibits kinase and phosphatase by impeding calcium dependant transduction and cause disruption of maturation of T cells at G0-G1 phase

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17
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following immunosuppressive therapy and it’s effects

Cyclophosphamide

Also name a specific side effect

A

Alkylation of DNA during S phase –> suppress both T cell and antibodies production

Hemorrhagic cystitis

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18
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following GI therapy and it’s effects:

Famotidine

A

H2 receptor antagonist - binds histamine

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19
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following GI therapy and it’s effects:

Omeprazole

A

Proton pump inhibitor

Blocks H-K ATPase enzyme pump on apical surface of parietal cells

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20
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following GI therapy and it’s effects:

Misoprostol

A

Prostaglandin analog –> enhance gastric mucosal defense (bicarbonate, mucous and blood supply) + decrease proton pump

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21
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following GI therapy and it’s effects:

Sucralfate

A

Negative charge sulfate

Binds to positive molecules exposed in damage mucosa

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22
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following GI therapy and it’s effects:

Metoclopramide

A

Sérotoninergic (5-HT4 receptor)

Acts on pyloric antrum and duodenum : antiemetic

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23
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following GI therapy and it’s effects:

Cidapride

A

Sérotoninergic (5-HT4 receptor)

Acts on whole intestinal tract

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24
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following GI therapy and it’s effects:

Ranitidine

A 
Achesterase inhibitor (stimulate M3 receptor) + H2 antagonist
Whole GI
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25
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following GI therapy and it’s effects:

Maropitant

A

NK1 antagonist

Block substance P

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26
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following GI therapy and it’s effects:

Ondansetron

A

5-HT3-antagonist

Block peripheral and central stimuli for vomiting

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27
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following agents along with its indication:

Albendazole

A

Benzimidazole –> inhibits intestinal parasites microtubular function

Pneumocystis, encephalitozoon, nematodes and protozoa

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28
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following agents and its indication?

Decoquinate

A

Hydroxyquinolone – interfere with sporozoites stage

Antiprotozoal, coccidio static (hepatozoon, sarcocystis, toxoplasmose, neospora)

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29
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following agents and its indication?

Fenbendazole

A

Benzimidazole –> inhibits intestinal parasites microtubular function

Antiprotozoal and anthelmintic

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30
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following agents ?

Benazepril / enalapril

A

ACE inhibitor
Decreases efferent glomerular resistance –> decreases GFR

Note: benazepril has some hepatic elimination

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31
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following agent?

Telmisartan

A

Inhibits binding of angiotensin II to AT1 recepetors

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32
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following agent?

Furosemide

A

Loop diuretic that blocks Na/K/Cl

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33
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following agent ?

Hydrochlorothiazide

A

Diuretic that acts on distal and collecting tubule to block Na/Cl carrier

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34
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following agent ?

Nitroglycerine

A

Increase formation of NO / GMPc –> decrease preload (venodilation)

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35
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following agent ?

Spironolactone

A

Aldosterone receptor inhibitor that acts on collecting tubule

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36
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following agent ?

Pimobendan

A

Phosphodiesterase III inhibitor that has inotropic and vasodilation effects

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37
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following agent?

Amlodipine

A

Calcium chanel blockers that helps dilation of afferent renal arterioles (increases GFR)

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38
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following agent?

Sildenafil

A

Phosphodiesteras V inhibitor that causes vasodilation by increasing pulmonary cGMP (thus increases NO duration)

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39
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following agent and its class and its indication?

Diltiazem

A

Calcium channel blocker (Type 4)

For supraventricular arrhythmia

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40
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following agent and its class and its indication?

Amiodarone

A

Potassium, sodium, calcium channels blocker and B-blocker (Type 1 and 4)

Prolonged refractory period, which shows AV conduction –> Afib or Vfib

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41
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following agent and its class and its indication?

Atenolol

A

B-blocker (Type 2)

Decrease HR and force of contraction (inotrope inhibitor) for supraventricular tachycardia (NOT if CHF)

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42
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following agent and its class and its indication?

Sotanolol

A

Potassium channel blocker, non-specific beta-blocker (type 3 and 2)

prolonged refractory period - Ventricular tachycardia

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43
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following agent and its class ?

Mexiletine / lidocaine

A

Sodium chanel blocker (type 1)

44
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following agent and its indication ?

Phenoxybenzamine

A

Non-selective a-blocker which results in decreased BP and reduce frequency of arrhythmia

Main indication: pheochromocytome

45
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following agent ?

Dobutamine

A

Stimulate B 1 receptor

Indicated for hypotension and DCM

46
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following agent ?

Hydralazine

A

Increase formation of NO in arteriole

47
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following agent ?

Phenylpropanolamine

A

A-agonist

Help contraction of bladder neck

48
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following agents along with its indication:

Imidocarb

A

Diamidine that interfere with DNA

Antiprotozoal - babesia, erhlichia

49
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following agents along with its indication:

Ponazuril/toltrazuril

A

Triazinon - anticoccidia for equine protozoal encephalitis, neospora, toxoplasmosis

50
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following agents:

Clotrimazole - is it cidal or static

A

Imidazole - inhibit eorgosterol in fungal wall (static)

51
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following agents along with its indication:

Atovaquone

A

Hydroxynaphtpthoquinone which blocks cytochrome and inhibit ATP

Indicated for pneumocytosis, babesia, toxoplasmosis

52
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following agents along with its indication:

Allopurinol

A

Purine analogue which interferes with RNA

Indicated for leishmania, trypanosoma cruzi, urate stones

53
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following agents along with its indication and side effect:

Amphotericin B

A

Polyene antibiotic that binds to ergosterol that has a broad spectrum

Nephrotoxic

54
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following agents along with its side effect:

Itraconazole

A

Triazole that blocks ergosterol synthesis (ianosterol 14a-demethylase) and disrupt fungal membrane

Hepatotoxic

Note: give with food

55
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following agents along with its indication and side effect:

Fluconazole

A

Triazole that blocks ergosterol synthesis (ianosterol 14a-demethylase) and disrupt fungal membrane

Indication: cross BBB/prostate and ocular

Hepatotoxic

56
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following agents along with its side effect:

Voriconazole

A

Triazole that blocks ergosterol synthesis (ianosterol 14a-demethylase) and disrupt fungal membrane

Indication: greater potency

Hepatotoxic and kill cats

57
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following agents along with its side effect:

Ketoconazole

A

Imidazole impairs ergosterol synthesis in fungal cell wall

Indication: does not penetrate CNS.

Hepatotoxic, GI, hypotrichiosis, cataracts

58
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following agents along with its indication:

Caspofungin

A

Echonocandins - inhibits formation of 1,3-B-d-glucans in fungal cell wall

Aspergillosis only

59
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following agents along with its indication and side effect:

5-flucytosine

A

Fluorinated pyrimidine that interferes with DNA replication and protein synthesis

Indication: cryptococcus/candida for cats.

Nephrotoxic, myelosuppression

60
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following agents along with its indication and side effect:

Meglumine antimoniate

A

Pentovalent atimonial that interferes with glycolysis

Leishmania (with allopurinol)

Can cause arrhythmia, hepatic/renal disease

61
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following agents along with its indication and side effect:

Terbinafine

A

Synthetic allylamin that inhibits ergosterol (via interference with squalene epoxidase)

62
Q

For this antibiotic: Doxycycline

Class
Mechanism of action
Spectrum
Indication
Static / cidal
A 
Class - tetracycline 
Mechanism of action - inhibit bacterial protein sythesis
Spectrum gram +, anaerobes
Indication - UTI, prostatis, ...
Static
63
Q

For this antibiotic: meropenem

Class
Mechanism of action
Spectrum
Indication
Static / cidal
A 
Class - B-lactame
Mechanism of action - interfere with wall synthesis
Spectrum - cidal
Indication - gram+/gram- anaerobes
cidal
64
Q

For this antibiotic: gentamicin

Class
Mechanism of action
Spectrum
Indication
Side effects
Static / cidal
A 
Class - aminoglycoside
Mechanism of action - binds to 30S ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis
Spectrum - gram +/- NOT anaerobes
Indication - combine with B-lactame
Nephrotoxic and ototoxic
cidal
65
Q

For this antibiotic: streptomycin

Class 
Mechanism of action 
Spectrum
Indication
Static / cidal
A

Class - aminoglycoside
Mechanism of action - binds to 30S ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis
Spectrum - gram +/-
Indication - Brucella, plague, mycobacterium
Nephrotoxic and ototoxic
cidal

66
Q 
For this antibiotic: Tylosin
Class 
Spectrum
Indication
Static / cidal
A

Class - Macrolide
Spectrum gram+ and -
Indication - mycoplasma and clostridium
Static

67
Q

For this antibiotic: TMS

Class 
Mechanism of action 
Spectrum
Indication
Static / cidal
A

Class pyrimidine and sulfonamide
Mechanism of action - block microbial synthesis of folic acid
Spectrum - protozoa, gram+/gram-. NOT anaerobes
Indication - prostatitis, pneumocystis, UTI
cidal

68
Q

For this antibiotic: rifampin

Class
Mechanism of action
Spectrum 
Indication
Static / cidal
A 
Class  - ansamycin
Mechanism of action  - inactivates DNA dependant RNA 
Spectrum - gram +/-
Indication: bartonella and brucella
mostly cidal
69
Q

For this antibiotic: pradofloxacin

Class 
Mechanism of action 
Spectrum
Indication
Static / cidal
A 
Class - quinolone
Mechanism of action - inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase
Spectrum - gram- and some anaerobe
Indication - wound, UTI, URI
Cidal
70
Q

For this antibiotic: marbofloxacin

Class 
Mechanism of action 
Spectrum
Indication
Static / cidal
A

Class - quinolone
Mechanism of action - inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase
Spectrum - gram- and some anaerobe
Indication - UTI, prostatitis, respiratory
Cidal

71
Q

For this antibiotic: enrofloxacin

Class 
Mechanism of action 
Spectrum
Indication
Static / cidal
A

Class - quinolone
Mechanism of action - inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase
Spectrum - gram- aerobic
Indication - UTI, prostatitis, respiratory
Cidal

72
Q

For this antibiotic: clindamycin

Class 
Mechanism of action 
Spectrum
Indication
Static / cidal
A 
Class - lincosamide
Mechanism of action - binds to 50S ribosome (inhibit protein sythesis) 
Spectrum gram + anaerobes
Indication - abscess, toxoplasmosis
Static
73
Q

For this antibiotic: chloramphenicol

Class 
Mechanism of action 
Spectrum
Indication
Static / cidal
A

Class - acetamide
Mechanism of action - binds to 50S ribosome (inhibit protein synthesis)
Spectrum gram + and -, anaerobe, rickettsia
Indication - chronic rhinitis, pneumonia, pyothorax
Static

74
Q

For this antibiotic: amikacin

Class 
Mechanism of action 
Spectrum
Indication
Side effects
Static / cidal
A

Class - aminoglycoside
Mechanism of action - interfere with wall synthesis
Spectrum - gram + (staph) and gram -
Indication - pseudomonas, NOT anaerobes
Side effects - nephrotoxic (worst in cats), ototoxic
cidal

75
Q

For this antibiotic: erythromycin

Class 
Mechanism of action 
Spectrum
Indication
Side effects
Static / cidal
A

Class - macrolide
Mechanism of action - binds to 50S ribosome (inhibit protein synthesis)
Spectrum - gram + and anaerobes
Indication - GI, skin, respiratory, soft tissue
Side effects - hepatic dose
Static

76
Q

For this antibiotic: metronidazole

Class 
Mechanism of action 
Spectrum
Indication
Static / cidal
A

Class- nitroimidazole
Mechanism of action - prevent DNA synthesis
Spectrum - a - nitronaerobe
Indication also anti-protozoal

77
Q

For this antibiotic: penicillin G

Class
Mechanism of action
Spectrum
Static / cidal

A

Class - benzylpenicillin
Mechanism of action inhibit cell wall synthesis
Spectrum not enterococcus or staph with B-lactamase
Cidal

78
Q

For this antibiotic: azithromycin

Class 
Mechanism of action 
Spectrum
Indication
Static / cidal
A

Class - macrolide
Mechanism of action - inhibit RNA protein
Spectrum - gram +/- anaerobes
Indication - crypto, toxoplasmosis, babesia, lyme, mycobacterium
Static

79
Q

For this antibiotic: Nitrofurantoin

Mechanism of action
Spectrum
Indication
Static / cidal

A

Mechanism of action - inhibit carbohydrate metabolism and cell wall
Spectrum gram + and - (NOT PROTEUS)
Indication - UTI
Static + cidal

80
Q

For this antibiotic: amoxicillin

Class 
Mechanism of action 
Spectrum
Indication
Static / cidal
A 
Class - tetracycline
Mechanism of action - inhibit bacterial wall synthesis
Spectrum - gram+/-
Indication - borellia, lepto
Cidal
81
Q

For this antibiotic: cefazolin

Class
Mechanism of action
Spectrum
Static / cidal

A

Class - 3rd generation cephalosporine
Mechanism of action - inhibit bacterial wall synthesis
Spectrum - gram + NOT anaerobes
Cidal

82
Q

For this antibiotic: cefpodoxime

Class 
Mechanism of action 
Spectrum
Indication
Static / cidal
A 
Class  - 3rd generation cephalosporine
Mechanism of action - inhibit bacterial wall synthesis
Spectrum - gram + and -
Indication: URI, UTI, pyoderma, otitis
Cidal
83
Q

For this antibiotic: ceftazidine

Class 
Mechanism of action 
Spectrum
Indication
Static / cidal
A 
Class  - 3rd generation cephalosporine
Mechanism of action - inhibit bacterial wall synthesis
Spectrum - anaerobes
Indication: pseudomonas
Cidal
84
Q

For this antibiotic: Cephalexin

Class 
Mechanism of action 
Spectrum
Indication
Static / cidal
A

Class - 1st generation cephalosporine
Mechanism of action - inhibit bacterial wall synthesis
Spectrum - gram + and -, NOT enterococcus
Indication: UTI, pyoderma, pneumonia
Cidal

85
Q 
For this antibiotic: Cefovecin
Class 
Mechanism of action 
Spectrum
Indication
Static / cidal
A

Class - 3rd generation cephalosporine
Mechanism of action - inhibit bacterial wall synthesis
Spectrum - variable, not pseudomonas or bordetella
Indication: skin
Cidal

86
Q

For this antiviral: acyclovir

Class 
Mechanism of action 
Spectrum
Indication
Side effect
A 
Class - guanosine analogue
Mechanism of action - interfere with DNA replication
Spectrum - most, including CNS
Indication - Herpesvirus
Side effect - Nephrotoxic
87
Q

For this antiviral: INF-a

Class 
Mechanism of action 
Spectrum
Indication
Side effect
A 
Class - cytokine
Mechanism of action - prevent assembly of mature virions
Spectrum - local or systemic
Indication - FeLV, herpesvirus
Side effect allergic reaction
88
Q

For this antiviral: Lysine

Class 
Mechanism of action 
Spectrum
Indication
Side effect
A

Class cytokine
Mechanism of action - interfere with arginine use by FHV-1
Spectrum - herpesvirus
Side effect - hepatic insufficiency

89
Q

For this medication: gabapentin

Mechanism of action
Metabolized

A

Mechanism of action - acid-y-aminobutyrique that inhibits voltage calcium channels
Metabolized - liver

90
Q

For this medication: Levetiracetam

Mechanism of action
Metabolized

A

Mechanism of action - stabilize presynaptic vesicles V2

Metabolized - kidney

91
Q

For this medication: zonisamide

Mechanism of action
Metabolized

A

Mechanism of action - blocks T-type and voltage sodium channels
Metabolized - liver

92
Q

For this medication: phenobarbital

Mechanism of action
Metabolized

A

Mechanism of action - barbiturate that increases Cl- channels (via GABA)
Metabolized - liver

93
Q

For this medication: diazepam

Mechanism of action
Metabolized

A

Mechanism of action - GABA agonist that causes hyperpolarization of neurons via influx of Cl- ions
Metabolized - liver

94
Q

For this medication: potassium bromide

Mechanism of action
Metabolized

A

Mechanism of action - hyperpolarization of neurons via influx of Cl- ions
Metabolized - cats with die of pneumonitis

95
Q

For the following chemotherapy agent, says which is the class, the effects, the phase, the indication and side effects

Cyclophosphamide

A

Class: Alkylating agent

Effect: Cross-link DNA

Phase: S + G1 + G2 + M

Indication: Metastatic carcinoma

Side effects: Hemorrhagic cystitis

96
Q

For the following chemotherapy agent, says which is the class, the effects, the phase, the indication and side effects

Chlorambucil

A

Class: Alkylating agent

Effect: Cross-link DNA

Phase: S + G1 + G2 + M

Indication: Leukemia, lymphoma, MCT

Side effects: Also toxic for resting cells

97
Q

For the following chemotherapy agent, says which is the class, the effects, the phase, and the indication

Melphalan

A

Class: Alkalyting agent

Effect: Cross-link DNA

Phase: S + G1 + G2 + M

Indication: Multiple myeloma

98
Q

For the following chemotherapy agent, says which is the class, the effects, the phase, the indication and side effects

Lomustine

A

Class: Alkalyting agent

Effect: Cross-link DNA

Phase: S + G1 + G2 + M

Indication: Histiocytic sarcoma

Side effects: Hepatotoxic, can lead to pulmonary fibrosis in cats

99
Q

For the following chemotherapy agent, says which is the class, the effects, the phase, the indication and side effects

Doxorubicin

A

Class: Anthracycline

Effect: DNA intercalation (topoisomerases)

Phase: S+M

Indication: HSA

Side effects: Cardiac (dogs), renal (cats). Care with extravasation

100
Q

For the following chemotherapy agent, says which is the class, the effects, and phase

Mitoxantrome

A

Class: Antracycline

Effect: DNA intercalation (topoisomerase)

Phase: S+M

101
Q

For the following chemotherapy agent, says which is the class, the effects, and the phase and the side effect

Bleomycin

A

Class: Antracycline

Effect: DNA intercalation (topoisometase)

Phase: S+M

Side effects: pulmonary fibrosis

102
Q

For the following chemotherapy agent, says which is the class, the effects, the phase, the indication and side effects

Vincristine/vinblastine/vinorelbine

A

Class: Alkaloid

Effect: mitotic inhibitor

Phase: M

Indication: Lymphoma

Side effects: peripheral neuropathy, risk with extravasation

103
Q

For the following chemotherapy agent, says which is the class, the effects, the phase, the indication

Cisplatin

A

Class: Platinum compound

Effect: mitotic inhibitor

Phase: M

Indication: Fatal pulmonary edema in cats

104
Q

For the following chemotherapy agent, says which is the class, the effects, the indication and side effects

Toceranib

A

Class: Tyrosine kinase inhibitor

Effect: competition for ATP binding

Indication: MCT (especially with c-kit), sarcoma, carcinoma, melanoma, myeloma

Side effects: PLN, pancreatitis

105
Q

What is the mechanism of action of methimazole

A

Block peroxidase enzyme

106
Q

What are the 3 major cells of the langerhans islets and what do they secrete ?

A

Alpha: glucagon

Beta: insulin and amylin

Delta: somatostatin

Specialty Exam (11 decks)

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