Neuromuscular

Question 1

What part of the body produces CSF?

Answer 1

1) Choroid plexus of the lateral 3rd and 4th ventricle
2) ependymal lining of ventricular system
3) blood vessels in subarachnoid space

Question 2

Is meningioma more invasive in dogs or cats, meaning that surgery is less likely to be curative

Answer 2

Dogs

Question 3

Which chemo therapy agents can cross the BBB?

Answer 3

• nitrosoureas (glioma and meningioma)

- hydroxyurea (meningioma)

Question 4

Granulomatous meningoencephalitis affects which part of the CNS?

Answer 4

Spinal cord, white matter

Question 5

Which medication can be used to treat myasthenia gravis? Which class of medication?

Answer 5

Pyridostigmine (cholinesterase inhibitors)

Question 6

Which muscle should be biopsied if you suspect polymyositis?

Answer 6

Vastus lateralis or biceps femoris

Note: this disease is seen in vizla and Newfoundland

Question 7

Which part of the spinal segment does those reflexes test?

Patellar
Biceps
Triceps
Withdrawal FL
Withdrawal HL

Answer 7

Patellar - femoral nerve (L4-L7)
Biceps (C8) 
Triceps - radial (C7-T2)
Withdrawal FL - radial + ulnar (C6-T2)
Withdrawal HL : lateral - sciatic (L6-S1) and medial - saphenous L4-L6

Question 8

Treatment of hydrocephalus includes which surgical treatment?

Answer 8

Shunting the fluid from the lateral ventricle through the 3rd space

Question 9

Which part of the brain is mostly affected by blood clots ?

Answer 9

Cerebellum > cerebrum > thalamus

Question 10

Which condition can procarbazine be used for?

Answer 10

Granulomatous meningoencephalitis as it is specific for T cells and crosses the BBB

Question 11

Which part of the brain is affected by Greyhound no suppurative meningoencephalitis, a condition usually seen in < 12 months old

Answer 11

Forebrain or brainstem

Question 12

Which agents are most common in bacterial meningitis?

Answer 12

E.coli, klebsiella and streptococcus

Question 13

Those medication can be use to treat which condition, which is often associated with a mutation in Hcrtr2 and can be diagnosed by measuring hypocretin 1 peptide sporadic form ?

Clomipramine, yohimbine (a antagonist) and venlafaxine (serotonin uptake inhibitor)

Answer 13

Narcolepsy

Question 14

Which medication can be used for cognitive dysfunction?

Answer 14

Selegeline

Question 15

What are the components of Horner’s syndrome

Answer 15

Miosis
Ptosis
Protrusion of third eyelid
Enophthalmos

Question 16

What are the structures involved in Horner’s syndrome? How to differentiate pre and post ganglioni

Answer 16

Brainstem - T1-T3 (pre-ganglionic) - vagosympathetic trunk - post ganglionic (cranial cervical)

phenylephrine test - pre = mydriasis > 20 minutes and post = mydriasis < 20 minutes

Question 17

Which nutrient deficiency can lead to central necrosis and hemorrhage?

Answer 17

Thiamine

Question 18

Which disease is seen in older boxer and associated with a mutation in SOD1 ?

Answer 18

Degenerative myelopathy

Question 19

Which agent is the most common cause of discospondylitis ?

Answer 19

Staph (aureus or pseudointermedius)

Question 20

Which consequences does those substances have in common?

Heavy metals, nitrofurantoin, organophosphate, pyridoxine, vincristine, vinblastine and cisplatin

Answer 20

Neuro toxic

Question 21

In patients with head trauma and increase ICP, which fluid is best? Which is the best anesthesia agent ? How to control pain? Should you hyperventilate?

Answer 21

Hypertonic saline if hypovolemia (BP goal of 90-100 mmHg), hypertonic saline or mannitol if euvolemia

IV propofol CRI

Fentanyl CRI

Normoventilation (PaCO2 35-40 mmHg)

Question 22

Which medication can lead to acquired myasthenia gravis in cats?

Answer 22

Methimazole