Respiration under Unusual Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to haemoglobin during exercise

A

Haemoglobin is fully saturated with Oxygen

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2
Q

What happens to blood gases during exercise

A

Initial stage and Moderate Exercise
Partial pressure of O2 and CO2 normal

Vigorous exercise
H+ increases (anaerobic metabolism)

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3
Q

What happens to pulmonary ventilation rate during exercise

A

Increases (hyperventilation)

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4
Q

Changes in ventilation during exercise in the initial, moderate and vigorous stages

A

Very rapid increase in initial stage, increases (less drastic) in moderate and vigorous exercise

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5
Q

What causes a rapid increase in ventilation in the initial stage of exercise

A

Attributed to motor centre activity and afferent impulses from proprioceptors of limbs, joints and muscles

Neural control - respiratory centres in brain activated

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6
Q

What causes increases in ventilation during moderate and vigorous exercise

A

Oxygen demands and CO2 levels increase, chemoreceptors detect this and cause an increase in ventilation

Rise in temperature also might cause increase

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7
Q

Effect of increased blood flow to muscles during exercise

A

Increased cardiac output and thus increased O2 consumption

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8
Q

What is the effect of the decrease in pH and increase in temperature during exercise

A

Unloading of O2 from blood into muscle

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9
Q

Effects of altitude on the body

A

Hypoxia
Loss of Appetite
Changes in mental performance
Insomnia

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10
Q

What causes altitude’s effects on the body

A

Barometric pressure decreases at altitude compared to sea level

Body is left susceptible to hypoxia, affecting delivery of oxygen to body tissues

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11
Q

What does exposure to hypoxia at altitude cause (in terms of receptors)

A

Acute hypoxia is detected by peripheral chemoreceptors, which try to increase breathing

This however causes pCO2 to fall and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) to go alkaline

System is trapped

  • Breathing more, death from alkalosis
  • Not enough oxygen, death
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12
Q

What happens to the blood at a more chronic exposure to high altitude

A

Oxygen carrying capacity is increased with adaptations like 2,3 DPG and polycythaemia

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13
Q

How is the acid-base imbalance corrected at chronic exposure to altitude

A

Renal system kicks in to increase removal of bicarbonate ions

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14
Q

Effects of scuba diving on the body (simply)

A

Body is exposed to significant increase of pressure

At 10m below sea level, 1 atm is from above and 1 atm from weight of surrounding water - 2 atm total

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15
Q

Effects of scuba diving on gases in the body

A

Hyperoxia - e.g. Oxidative stress

Increase in Nitrogen (Venous gas microbubbles)

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16
Q

Decompression sickness

A

Extreme pain caused by a rapid decrease in pressure (scuba divers going back up too quickly)

Caused by N2 bubbles accumulating in the body and coming out of solution during decompression

17
Q

Why is nitrogen gas found in blood during scuba divers but not for normal patients

A

Nitrogen is insoluble at sea level but soluble at depth

18
Q

What happens to lung function (FEV1 & FVC) during scuba diving

A

We don’t actually know; contradicting results

19
Q

Impact of scuba diving on asthmatic

A

No definitive conclusions