Mechanisms of Ventilation Flashcards

1
Q

Which lung is a mis-swallowed bolus more likely to go into and why

A

The right lung simply because of how the trachea is shaped

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2
Q

Lobes of the lungs

A

Superior, middle and inferior lobes (no middle in left lung)

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3
Q

Label

A
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4
Q

Which is closer to the mouth - trachea or oesophagus

A

The trachea is closer to the mouth (anterior to the oesophagus)

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5
Q

Role of the epiglottis

A

It is a flap that closes the trachea up and stops food from entering

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6
Q

Remember diaphragmatic breathing

A

you learned this in school, just needed to put this for the sake of it

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7
Q

What major organ is right below the diaphragm

A

Liver

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8
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve originate/go through and what does it do

A

Cervical vertebrae - C3-5

Travels from vertebrae across anterior scalene, then goes through superior thoracic aperture, down into thorax, anterior to root of lung then passes alongisde pericardium where it enters and innervates the diaphragm

Innervates the diaphragm

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9
Q

What is the diaphragm attached to (on the thorax)

A

Anteriorly attaches into xiphoid process and costal margin; laterally attaches to ribs 6-12; posteriorly attached to T12

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10
Q

Directions of intercostal muscles

A

External intercostal muscles are like the forearms and hands in pocket; internal is the opposite

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11
Q

When do external intercostal muscles contract

A

During inspiration

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12
Q

Accessory muscles of ventilation

A

Sternocleidomastoid/sternomastoid, trapezius, scalene muscles, pecs, external intercostals

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13
Q

Compare and contrast the directions of movement of the sternum and ribs when lungs expand during inspiration

A

The sternum is like a handle that pulls anteriorly to expand; the ribs move like a bucket handle

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14
Q

Pleurisy

A

Inflammation of pleura; can be characterised by sharp chest pain, worsened during ventilation

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15
Q

Does the cervical pleura cross the superior thoracic aperture?

How might/might not this affect appearance?

A

It does cross the superior aperture at the point of the cervical parietal pleura, but there is a tough membrane around the lungs that keep it rigid and do not show ventilation

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16
Q

How are the pleural layers adherent to one another

A

Surface tension via surfactant

Think of two thin sheets of glass with a bit of liquid between them; very hard to separate but easily glide

17
Q

How do babies breathe differently to adults

A

Babies cannot really use accessory muscles during ventilation and the ribs are more horizontal so pump/bucket handle movements are ineffective

Instead they use abdominal breathing, done by contracting the diaphragm

This has high risk of respiratory failure

18
Q

How long are newborns nasal breathers

A

4-6 weeks

19
Q

Harrisons sulcus

A

An indentation on the chest roughly along the 6th rib caused by repeated respiratory distress at a young age since the ribs are not fully formed and get easily deformed

20
Q

Costodiaphragmatic and Costomediastinal recesses

A

Recesses that are normally not filled by anything, but when fluid collects in the lungs, it can be seen at these locations and the fluid must be removed

21
Q

What might use of accessory muscles while at rest be a sign of

A

This can be a sign of respiratory distress with two main types;

neonatal respiratory distress syndrome which affects newborns

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) which can affect people of any age

22
Q

What causes acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

A

Fluid/proteins leak from blood vessels into alveoli so lungs become stiff and cannot work normally

23
Q

Carina

A

Ridge at the base of the trachea (windpipe) that separates the openings of the right and left main bronchi

24
Q

Asthma

A

Inflammatory disease of airways of lungs

Muscles around airway walls tighten and thus narrower airways; lining of airways inflames

25
Q

Pneumothorax

A

An opening/hole in parietal pleura; air enters the parietal pleura and lung can collapse

26
Q

Non-tension Pneumothorax

A

Normal hole with no blockages; air just goes in and out

27
Q

Tension Pneumothorax

A

Tissue formed at hole forms a valve and closes

When inhaling the flap goes down, but closes during exhalation. Air builds up as it cannot leave

This causes pressure on the heart which deviates to the left and undergoes fibrilation and heart failure

Medical emergency

28
Q

Emphysema

A

Tissue in lungs becomes very inflammed; especially alveoli which over-inflate. Air easily gets in but cannot leave easily.

Lungs do not change very significantly in size for those affected

29
Q

How does a removed lung look in an x-ray

A

This is fluid that has collected in the pleural cavity over time ad must be drained periodically