Breathless Betty Flashcards
How to differentiate physiological and pathological shortness of breath from exercise
It can be difficult but generally it is judged by comparing yourself to your past self or those around you
Significance of sputum colour (grey or green)
Grey or green generally indicates elevated WBCs; could be infection but not necessarily
But this is compared to the patient’s ‘norm’
Causes of cough
Cold Acute Bronchitis Tracheitis Pneumonia COPD Asthma Anxiety Foreign Body TB Bronchiectasis Congestive Heart Failure Lung Cancer
Drug-induced: e.g. ACE Inhibitors
Pneumonia
Alveoli become full of fluid as a result of infection
Bronchiectasis
Can be genetic or acquired
Damage to alveoli and so damage ciliary mucous so mucous stagnates and does not clear
REVISE AND ADD
Differentiate between smoker’s cough and COPD cough
It is difficult to do so; smokers with a PERSISTENT smoker’s cough are suggested to present for further investigation
Alerting symptoms regarding COPD or Lung Cancer - im not rly sure :’(
Cough > 3 weeks
Smoking history associated with Haemoptysis
Change in ‘smoker’s cough’
Haemoptysis
Coughing up blood
Sound heard during percussion of fluid in lungs
Dullness, unlike percussion of air which is more crisp
Symptoms OE of COPD patients
Prolonged Exhalation
Polyphonic Wheeze (multi note breath)
Unusual dull percussion of lungs
Reduced chest movements (I THINK)
REVISE
What does a lowered PEF Indicate
A lot of very different things that are hard to diagnose
What do stained fingers on COPD indicate
Tar staining (indicate that they are a current smoker)
What does no ankle swelling tell us of a COPD patient
It indicates that the patient likely does not have chronic congestive heart failure
What is spirometry used for in COPD
It is not used to diagnose COPD but it does confirm it when other data and history is indicative of it
It also identifies those most at risk of complications
Just as a bonus, it also scares some patients straight if you tell them they have lungs of a 90 year old
How to diagnose between COPD and Emphysema
COPD is an umbrella term for those with chronic bronchitis and emphysema; they are clumped together because usually one would include at least an element of the other