Overview Anatomy of the Thorax Flashcards

1
Q

Label

A
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2
Q

Thoracic planes and lines

A
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3
Q

What lies between the internal and innermost intercostal muscles

A

Neurovascular bundles; most important ones are the superior which sit in the groove of the upper rib

They run in the orientation of Vein Artery Nerve (VAN)

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4
Q

Parietal Pleura and Visceral Pleura

A

They make up the pleura (sac) that encoloses each lung

Visceral Pleura covers the lungs and the parietal lines pulmonary cavities

(REVISE)

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5
Q

Role of fluid in parietal cavity

A

Decreasing friction during ventilation (potential space, not a real one)

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6
Q

Discuss what must be avoided by a needle piercing the pleural cavity

A

Avoid the neurovascular bundle by inserting the needle close to the upper border of the lower rib

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7
Q

Openings of the thorax

A

Superior and Inferior Thoracic Aperture (they are quite narrow)

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8
Q

Thoracic outlet syndrome

A

Blockages of any of the structures in the superior thoracic aperture (e.g. brachial plexus nerves and artieries) such as from a tumour

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9
Q

True ribs

A

1-7; they articulate directly with the sternum

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10
Q

False ribs

A

8-10 as they do not articulate with the sternum; instead only with the rib above

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11
Q

11th-12th ribs

A

They do not articulate at all; they exist posteriorly but not anteriorly

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12
Q

Label

A
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13
Q

Why do vertebral bodies increase in size as they go down the body

A

The load increases

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14
Q

Two main functions of pec major muscles

A

Adduction and Medial rotation

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15
Q

What attaches at the scalene tubercle and what is its role

A

Anterior scalene; a neck muscle that attaches to the first rib which is an accessory muscle of ventilation

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16
Q

Which pectoralis muscles are accessory muscles of ventilation

A

Pectoralis minor and major

17
Q

Contrast the innervation of pectoralis minor and major

A

Both are innervated by Medial pectoral nerves but only pec major is innervated by lateral pectoral nerves

(Remember medial for medium - between major and minor so innervates both)

18
Q

Main functions of pectoralis minor

A

Depressor of scapula (hence shoulders) and protractor of scapula

19
Q

Where does the pectoralis major attach

A

Clavicular head attaches to the medial part of the clavical

Sternocostal head attaches to the sternum and costal cartilages (look at name)

Both heads attach to the intertubercular groove on the humerus

20
Q

Where does the pectoralis minor attach

A

Attaches to the coracoid process of the scapula (fingerlike projections) and comes across and attaches to ribs 3-5 near their cartilages

21
Q

Axillary tail

A

Extension of the tissue of the breast that extends into the Axilla

22
Q

Retromammary space

A

Loose areolar tissue that separates the breast from the pectoralis major muscle

23
Q

Which is closer to the front of the chest - Pec minor or major?

A

Pectoralis major is anterior to the pectoralis minor (major is closer to skin)

24
Q

Mediastinum

A

Central part of the thoracic cavity that lies between the pleural cavities (contains many structures, including heart)

25
Q

Compare the superior and inferior mediastinum (sagittal view of thorax)

A

The superior mediastinum runs from T1-T4; its boundaries are the manubrium, vertebrae, sternal angle and superior thoracic aperture

Inferior mediasternum runs from T5-L1; its boundaries are the body of the sternum, sternal angle, diaphragm and vertebrae

26
Q

Contents of superior mediastinum

A

Thymus, great veins (e.g. superior vena cava), phrenic nerves, aortic arch and branches, pulmonary arteries and veins, trachea, thoracic duct, oesophagus

27
Q

Discuss the three sections of the inferior mediastinum and their contents

A

There are posterior, anterior and middle mediastinums

Anterior - Internal thoracic blood vessels, thymus and sternopericardial ligaments

Middle - Heart and pericardium, phrenic nerves and pericardiophrenic blood vessels

Posterior - Descending aorta, azygos veins, oespohagus, thoracic duct, sympathetic trunks