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Medicine 2 Weeks 1 - 6 > Main Structures of the Thorax > Flashcards

Main Structures of the Thorax Flashcards

1
Q

Pericardium

A

Sac in which the heart sits

Divided into tough fibrous (outer) and serous (inner) parts which surround the heart

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2
Q

Fibrous Pericardium

A

Tough and not distensible; attached to diaphragm by pericardiophrenic ligaments; blend into adventitia of great vessels

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3
Q

Serous Pericardium

A

Inner pericardial layer
Comprised of visceral layer (epicardium) and parietal layer (lining fibrous pericardium); potential space (pericardial cavity) between them

Lines fibrous pericardium

Both composed of a flattened layer of epithelial cells (mesothelium)

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4
Q

Surfaces of the heart

A

Anterior/Sternocostal

Inferior/Diaphragmatic

Posterior/base

Pulmonary

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5
Q

Anterior/Sternocostal Surface

A

Formed mostly of right (with a bit of left) ventricle

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6
Q

Inferior/Diaphragmatic

A

Mostly L (bit of R) ventricle

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7
Q

Posterior/Base surface

A

Mostly L (bit of R) atrium and pulmonary vein

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8
Q

Pulmonary Surface

A

Mostly L ventricle, in cardiac notch of L lung

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9
Q

Borders of Heart

A

Superior Border
Right Border
Inferior Border
Left Border

Remember
2 3 ics5 6

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10
Q

Superior Border of the Heart

A

L cc2 - R cc3

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11
Q

Right Border of the Heart

A

Convex to R

R cc3 –> R cc6

Mainly R atrium with SVC and IVC

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12
Q

Inferior Border of the Heart

A

Lies on diaphragm central tendon

R cc6 –> L intercostal space 5

Mainly R ventricle and some LV

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13
Q

Left Border of the Heart

A

Convex to L

From L ics5 and back to L cc2

Mainly LV and maybe some LV

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14
Q

Valve positions (normal situation)

A

Valves are retrosternal in position and close to the midline

Pulmonary - medial to L cc3
Aortic - medial to L ics3
Bicuspid/Mitral - Medial to L cc4
Tricuspid - Medial to R ics4

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15
Q

Valve Sounds

A
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16
Q

Summary of Heart Locations for Auscultation

A
17
Q

Pleura

A

Serous membrane divided into parietal (outer) and visceral (inner) layers which surround the lungs and contain the pleural cavities; layers also separated by small amounts of serous fluid

18
Q

Parietal pleura

A

Lines thoracic cavity lateral to mediastinum; supplied by intercostal and phrenic nerves; sensitive to pain

19
Q

Visceral pleura

A

Covers lung and follows lung fissures; supplied by autonomic nerves (doesn’t feel pain i think)

20
Q

Pleuritis/Pleurisy

A

Inflammation of the pleura

Usually appears as localised roughness and redness; pleural rub can be heard with stethascope; leads to chest pain (usually sharp) when breathing or coughing

21
Q

Name the Surfaces of Lungs and vaguely what they face/contain

A

Green: Mediastinal
Flat, faces mediastinum, contains hilum

Purple : Diaphragmatic
Convex, faces diaphragm

Red: Costal
Convex, faces ribs

Blue: Cervical
Extends into neck

22
Q

Pleural Reflections

A

Abrupt lines along which the pleura changes directions (reflects) from one wall of pleural cavity to another

Occurs where costal pleura becomes continuous with mediastinal pleura anteriorly and posteriorly and with diaphragmatic pleura inferiorly

23
Q

Why are pleural reflections important to know

A

Correct interpretation of chest X-ray and performing procedures like thoracentesis correctly

Remember 2,4,6,8,10,12

24
Q

Visceral Pleural Reflections

A

2,4,6,8,10

25
Q

Parietal Pleural Reflections

A
26
Q

Lobes of Right Lung

A
27
Q

Lobes of Left Lung

A
28
Q

Bronchopulmonary Segments

A

you do NOT need to know them, just understand how it works

29
Q

Be aware of lobes of lung in x-ray

A
30
Q

How can a tumour in a bronchopulmonary segment be treated

A

That segment is removed individually as opposed to the whole lobe or lung

31
Q

In which segments of the lung is fluid most likely to collect

A

Apical and Posterior segments in both the left and right lung

32
Q

Aortic Branches

A

Mneumonic device - remember your ABCs

A - Aortic Arch
B - Brachiocephalic Trunk
C - (Left) Common Carotid a
S - (Left) Subclavian a

Note: Right common and subclavian arteries are on the brachiocephalic trunk; the one closer to the Vena cava is the right subclavian

33
Q

Thoracic and Abdominal Aorta

A

Exactly what they sound like (one is in thoracic, the other is in abdominal cavity)

34
Q

Where do the posterior and anterior intercostal arteries come from; where do they run

A

Anterior intercostal arteries come from the internal thoracic artery

Posterior intercostal arteries come fro the thoracic aorta

They run in the costal groove below each rib

35
Q

Azygous system

A

Azygous vein drains into SVC; be vaguely aware of how this drains

The system drains the posterior thoracic wall

36
Q

Costodiaphragmatic recess vs costophrenic

A

The recess is the potential space where fluid would collect but normally the angle is referred to as the costophrenic angle of the lung

Medicine 2 Weeks 1 - 6 (54 decks)

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