Respiration/ATP A2 Flashcards
ATP ->
ADP + Pi
why is ATP useful
released in small suitable amounts broken down in one step makes energy available rapidly makes substances more reactive/lower activation energy by phosphorylating can be reformed
why is respiration affected by temperature
enzymes can be affected
some things we use ATP for
active transport
metabolic processes
movement
why is ATP made in respiration as well as photosynthesis
can’t always photosynthesis e.g. in the dark
some tissues cant photosynthesise
ATP can’t move between cells or stored
plants use more ATP than produced in photosynthesis
what happens in oxidation
lose electrons, lose H, gain O2
what happens in reduction
gain electrons, gain H, lose O2
where does glycolysis take place
cytoplasm
steps in glycolysis
Pi added to glucose (using 2 ATP)
glucose splits into 2 triose phosphate (3C)
TP oxidised NAD reduced
TP made into pyruvate releasing 2ATP
what molecules are made in glycolysis
ATP NADH and pyruvate
what molecules are needed for glycolysis
ATP, glucose, and NAD
where does link reaction take place
matrix of mitochondria
steps in link reaction
pyruvate is oxidised NAD reduced
pyruvate loses CO2 becomes 2C acetyl group
2C acetate joins coenzyme A makes acetyl coenzyme A
products from link reaction
CO2 NADH, acetyl coenzyme A
where does krebs cycle take place
matrix of mitochondria
steps of krebs cycle
2C acetyl coenzyme A joins with 4C molecule
NAD and FAD are reduced
substrate level phosphorylation
CO2 released
products from the krebs cycle
ATP, NADH, FADH, CO2 4C molecule
at what stage in respiration do breakdown products of lipids and amino acids enter
krebs cycle
where does the electron transport chain take place
the inner membrane of mitochondria
steps of electron transport chain
NADH and FADH release their H
this splits to protons and electrons
electrons move along carriers in ETC using redox reactions
releases free energy
protein channels use energy to actively transport H ions into intermembrane sapce
this diffuse down concentration gradient through ATP synthase into matrix
release ATP
in oxidative phophorylation
protons and electrons combine with O2 to make water
what does O2 act as in electron transport chain
terminal electron acceptor
products of electron transport chain
ATP, water, NAD, FAD
molecules used in electron transport chain
NADH, FADH, ATP, O2
colour change when methylene blue when it is reduced
blue to colourless
what does anaerobic mean
without O2
difference between anaerobic and aerobic respiration
NAD is regenerated/pyruvate removed. So glycolysis continues
equation for anaerobic respiration in plants/microorganisms
pyruvate + reduced NAD -> ethanol + CO2 + NAD
why can’t scientists use glucose when investigating the stages of respiration individually
because glucose cannot cross the mitochondrial membrane (it is normally broken down using glycolysis)
what is the equipment used to measure rate of gas exchange
manometer
how does a manometer work
CO2 absorbed by potassium hydroxide
O2 used
pressure decreases
level of liquid moves
why would you leave a manometer for a while after setting it up?
allow equilibrium to be reached
allow for expansion/pressure change in apparatus
allow respiration rate of seeds to stabilise
what pieces of information would you need to calculate rate of respiration
volume of tube
distance moved
time taken
mass of respiring organisms
