Classification and Courtship As

Question 1

what are the principles of classification

Answer 1

large groups divided into smaller ones
members of groups have features in common
based on DNA/fossils/anatomy/embryology
reflects evolutionary history

Question 2

problems with classification techniques

Answer 2

species aren’t fixed/can evolve
may be a large variation between members of a species
many species are extinct and have no fossils
some species don’t reproduce sexually
isolated groups may be classed as separate species, but may actually be able to interbreed

Question 3

taxonomic rank

Answer 3

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 4

how to write genus

Answer 4

with a capital letter at the start

Question 5

how to write species

Answer 5

underline or italics

Question 6

what links organisms in the same genus

Answer 6

same evolutionary origin/ common ancestor

Question 7

what defines something as being in the same species

Answer 7

if they can reproduce to have fertile offspring

Question 8

how to test if to organisms are the same species

Answer 8

breed two individuals together and if they have fertile offspring they are the same species

Question 9

what does phylogenetic relationships/hierarchy show

Answer 9

evolutionary relationships. groups within groups - no overlap

Question 10

what do phylogenetic trees show

Answer 10

evolutionary relationships

the more closely related animals have more recently diverging common ancestors

Question 11

how to use protein structure to determine evolutionary relationships

Answer 11

look at amino acid sequences/primary structure
closer the amino acid sequence the closer the relationship
protein structure related to DNA base/triplet sequence

Question 12

how to use base sequence to determine evolutionary relationship

Answer 12

more similar base sequences = closer relationship

also likely to have amino acid sequences in common

Question 13

why is comparing base sequence from a gene better than comparing amino acid sequences

Answer 13

triplet code - more bases than amino acids
introns are non-coding
DNA code is degenerate

Question 14

define species diversity

Answer 14

the number of different species and the number of individuals of each within any community

Question 15

define genetic diversity

Answer 15

number of different alleles of each gene. may be low if there’s inbreeding or the population was started from only a small number of individuals

Question 16

define ecosystem diversity

Answer 16

range of different habitats within a particular diversity

Question 17

define species richness

Answer 17

the number of different species in a community

Question 18

how does courting behaviour increase the chance of mating

Answer 18

allows members of the same species to recognise each other
stimulates the release of gametes
allows individuals to recognise opposite gender
often an indication of sexual maturity/fertility
help form a pair bond

Question 19

define biodiversity

Answer 19

the range and variety of genes, species and habitats within a particular environment

Question 20

how does farming reduce biodiversity

Answer 20

less hedgerow, monoculture, overgrazing of land, pesticides

Question 21

how to increase biodiversity

Answer 21

conservation techniques e.g. crop rotation

Question 22

what do you need to know to calculate a diversity index

Answer 22

total number of individuals of all species

number of individuals of each species

Question 23

what factors make biodiversity indexes higher

Answer 23

more plant species
more food sources/variety of food
more habitats/niches