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BIOL 141 > Respiration and Fermentation > Flashcards

Respiration and Fermentation Flashcards

1
Q

4 stages of cellular respiration

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. pyruvate processing
  3. krebs cycle
  4. ETC
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2
Q

Is the process linear?

A

no

do not always have to start with glucose

made up of anabolic and pathways

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3
Q

Where are catabolic intermediates used?

A

in anabolic pathways

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4
Q

anabolic

A

synthesize new molecules

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5
Q

catabolic

A

break down molecules

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6
Q

Example of a catabolic intermediate

A

Acetyl-CoA

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7
Q

Oxidation/reduction reactions

A

make up cellular respiration

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8
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

outside the mitochondria, in the cytoplasm

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9
Q

Main goal of glycolysis

A

to break down glucose to make pyruvate

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10
Q

What does glycolysis produce?

A

2 molecules pyruvate, 2 net ATP, 2 NADHS

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11
Q

Is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic?

A

Anaerobic (no O2)

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12
Q

What are the two phases glycolysis?

A
  1. energy investment (input 2 ATP)

2. energy payoff

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13
Q

What happens during energy investment in glycolysis?

A

Free energy increases

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14
Q

Substrate-level phosphorylation

A

direct process where ATP is bounded directly to an enzyme

occurs in glycolysis

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15
Q

In overall equation, what is being oxidized and what is being reduced?

A

glucose is being oxidized

O2 is being reduced

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16
Q

What does NAD+ get reduced to?

A

NADH

this is the form that it is carrying more electrons in

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17
Q

What type of molecules serve as electron acceptors?

A

Molecules with low potential energy

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18
Q

Where do all the carbons of glucose end up when glucose is completely oxidized?

A

CO2

*think about net equation

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19
Q

If glucose was labeled with radioactive carbons, where would you expect the carbons to end up?

A

all biological molecules

intermediates in cellular respiration can go on to form other things besides going to the ETC

Ex: Acetyl-CoA is used in synthesis of fatty acids

20
Q

Reducing agent

A

The molecule that is doing the reducing, therefore it is giving up electrons and being OXIDIZED

it will have less electrons and lower potential energy

21
Q

What process will proceed whether oxygen is present or not?

A

glycolysis

22
Q

metabolism

A

the sum of chemical reaction that take place within each cell of a living organism and provide energy for the entire organism

23
Q

Phosphofructokinase

A

an allosteric enzyme that catalyzes an early stage of glucose (breaks down fructose)

negative feedback of ATP regulates

24
Q

Where does pyruvate processing take place?

A

In the mitochondrial matrix

25
Q

What is pyruvate processing catalyzed by?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

Negative feedback by ATP

26
Q

Net products of pyruvate processing

A

2 Acetyl-CoA
2 NADH
2 CO2

27
Q

What happens in pyruvate processing?

A

two carbons from pyruvate combine with co-A

28
Q

Which energy storing molecule carries the highest amount of chemical energy?

A

NADH

Since it releases the most free energy when formed

29
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle take place?

A

mitochondrial matrix

30
Q

What happens to each Acetyl-CoA?

A

oxidized to two molecules of CO2

31
Q

What is produced from the citric acid (krebs) cycle?

A

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP or 1 ATP

32
Q

Where does substrate level phosphorylyzation occur in the citric acid cycle?

A

When GDP is transformed into GTp

33
Q

Where is CO2 produced?

A

pyruvate processing

the citric acid cycle

34
Q

Why is the overall production of ATP in cellular respiration considered indirect?

A

Because it is pumped by the ETC and not directly synthesized by substrate-level phosphorylation

35
Q

What is the O2 consumed during respiration directly used for?

A

accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

36
Q

Where is most water produced during cellular respiration?

A

the ETC

37
Q

What is different about Q?

A

it is not a protein. it is lipid soluble and can move through the membrane

38
Q

What is the synthesis of ATP an example of?

A

endergonic reaction coupled with an exergonic reaction

39
Q

What goes into the ETC?

A

10 NADH
2 FADH2
O2

40
Q

What is produced by the ETC?

A

Roughly 29-34 ATPs

H2O

41
Q

Where does chemosynthesis take place in prokaryotes?

A

on the outer cell membrane rather than in the mitochondrial membrane

42
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation?

A

proton gradient formed by pumped hydrogens

43
Q

ATP synthase

A

hydrogen ions spin a rotor as they are moved back into mitochrondrial matrix

44
Q

What is the most effective electron acceptor?

A

oxygen because it is the most electronegative

it will pull the electrons

45
Q

Alcohol fermentation

A

characteristic of yeasts and bacteria

pyruvate gets reduced to an intermediate

results in toxic carbon 2 ethanol

46
Q

Why is alcohol fermentation selected for in evolution?

A

produces a toxin that could kill potential predators

47
Q

Lactic acid fermentation

A

characteristic of animals and bacteria

pyruvate is directly reduced to lactic acid, no intermediate

BIOL 141 (21 decks)

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