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BIOL 141 > Cell Cycle + Replication > Flashcards

Cell Cycle + Replication Flashcards

1
Q

Mitosis Promoting Factor (MPF)

A

Present in the cytoplasm of M cells

Induces mitosis

Activates protein kinase

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2
Q

Why is MPF found in all eukaryotes?

A

it is highly conserved and essential for promoting mitosis

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3
Q

Cyclin dependent kinase

A

an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group

from ATP to a target protein

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4
Q

Phospholyzation

A

the transfer of ATP to a target protein

catalyzed by protein kinase

target proteins need energy input to begin mitosis

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5
Q

What happens when more cyclin is present?

A

MPF concentrations in the cytoplasm rise

target proteins are phospholyzed which initates mitosis

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6
Q

When do MPF concentrations peak?

A

During M phase

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7
Q

When do MPF concentrations rise?

A

During interphase

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8
Q

What is the MPF composed of?

A

Cyclin and cyclin-dependent kinase bound together

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9
Q

Cyclin

A

a regulatory protein that fluctuates in order to initiate M phase

it attaches to cdk’s to form MPF

therefore, when cyclin rises, MPF rises

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10
Q

Concentration of cdk’s

A

remain constant

only cyclin fluctuates since cdk’s are hard to reproduce

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11
Q

How many cyclin/cdk combos are there?

A

There are many combos that regulate the cell cycle for each phase

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12
Q

G1 checkpoint

A

pass if cell size is adaquent, DNA is undamaged, nutrients are sufficient

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13
Q

G0

A

mature cells do not pass the G1 checkpoint and enter into the G0 phase

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14
Q

G2 checkpoint

A

pass if DNA is undamaged and has replicated successfully

activated MPF is present

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15
Q

M checkpoint

A

chromosomes attatched to spindle apparatus

chromosomes have properly segregated and MPF is absent

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16
Q

When do checkpoints occur?

A

At the end of phases

Make sure work supposedly to be done in certain phases is complete

17
Q

origin of replication

A

replication bubbles form at specific sequences of bases

18
Q

How many origins of replications do bacteria have?

A

Only one

That this why their DNA is circular

19
Q

How many origins of replications do eukaryotes have?

A

Many

Speeds up replication

20
Q

Where does active DNA synthesis take place?

A

At the replication fork

21
Q

Replication fork

A

Y-shaped region where the parental DNA double helix is separated into single strands and copied

22
Q

What direction does DNA have to be copied in?

A

5’ to 3’

23
Q

Why is DNA synthesis bidirectional?

A

2 replication forks going in both directions at the same time

24
Q

Helicase

A

breaks the hydrogen bonds between base pairs and opens the double helix at the replication fork

25
Q

Single-stranded DNA binding proteins

A

prevent the separated DNA strands from snapping back into place

26
Q

topiomerase

A

an enzyme that prevents supercoiling of DNA

27
Q

primer

A

an RNA strand that forms complimentary base pairs with the DNA template strand

provides DNA polymerase with a 3’ -OH group that can be used to form phosphodiester bonds

28
Q

Leading strand

A

strand that is synthesized toward the replication fork

synthesized continuously

29
Q

Lagging strand

A

synthesized in a direction that is away from the moving replication fork

synthesized in short Okazaki fragments

has to readjust to go in 5’ to 3’ direction

30
Q

Primase

A

synthesizes a short stretch of RNA that works as a primer

31
Q

DNA polymerase I

A

removes the RNA primer and replaces it with DNA

32
Q

the end replication problem

A

there is no primer for DNA

33
Q

telomere

A

protective end of chromosomes

TTAGG strand that is okay to loose due to end replication problem

34
Q

Is DNA polymerase bidirectional?

A

No. It is unidirectional

35
Q

Ligase

A

connects the fragments with phosphodiester bonds

works on BOTH the leading and lagging strands

36
Q

How does telomerase work?

A

it extends the unreplicated end of DNA

lays down a primer and following the primer TTAGG cap

DNA is replicated to primer and the TTAGG cap is lost behind it, but that is alright

37
Q

When are telomeres added in the cell cycle?

A

during the S phase

38
Q

When are telomeres created?

A

During pre-natal development

born with all the telomeres we get

as we age, DNA becomes shorter

BIOL 141 (21 decks)

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