Natural Selection/Genetics

Question 1

Postulate definition

Answer 1

given truth that assembled together creates a complex understanding

Question 2

4 mechanisms of evolution

Answer 2

1. individuals vary (variation)
2. some of the variable traits among individuals are heritable
3. there is a struggle for existence, not everyone survives
4. individuals with favorable traits survive and reproduce

Question 3

Darwin’s logic

Answer 3

given enough resources, populations should be able to expand exponentially, yet they dont

this means that there is a struggle for existence

since traits vary and are heritable, the individuals with favorable traits will survive and reproduce

Question 4

Definition of evolution

Answer 4

inherited change in a group of organisms over time

Question 5

outcome of evolution by natural selection

Answer 5

a change in allele frequencies in a population over time

Question 6

fitness

Answer 6

the ability of an individual to produce, surviving offspring relative to that ability in other individuals in the population

Question 7

adaptation

Answer 7

a heritable trait that increases the fitness of an individual in a particular environment relative to individuals lacking the trait

Question 8

Common myths of natural selection

Answer 8

1. natural selection does not change individuals
2. acclimatization is not adaptation (acclimatization is a change of an individual’s phenotype due to natural condition)
3. natural select is not goal oriented (mutations are chance, no higher/lower)
4. natural select does not lead to perfection since there are trade-offs and vestigial traits

Question 9

Constraints on traits

Answer 9

genetically constrained

historically constrained (all traits evolve from previous traits)

environmentally constrained

= all 3 cause natural selection not to be perfect

Question 10

genetic correlation

Answer 10

can cause genetic constraint

a single gene affects multiple traits

Question 11

How to prevent antibiotic resistance?

Answer 11

Use a high concentration of antibiotics from the beginning and complete the course of antibiotics to prevent adaptations from occurring

Question 12

What does natural selection lead to?

Answer 12

adaptations

Question 13

What is more important reproduction or survival?

Answer 13

Both are equally important

Question 14

Abreu’s natural selection misconceptions

Answer 14

1. Individuals do not change
2. There is no goal
3. There will never be a perfect organism

Question 15

What did Mendel want to answer?

Answer 15

Why offspring resemble their parents and how transmission of traits occurs

Question 16

Blending inheritance

Answer 16

The idea that parental traits blend

Offsprings have intermediate traits

Question 17

Inheritance of acquired characterisitics

Answer 17

Lamarckian understanding

Parental traits are modified and passed down

Question 18

Scientific name of Mendel’s peas

Answer 18

pisum sativum

Question 19

Why did Mendel use peas as model organisms?

Answer 19

Easy to grow

Short reproductive cycle

Traits are easily recognizable (discrete)

Produces large numbers of seeds

Matings are easy to control

Question 20

Model organism

Answer 20

a species that is widely studied because it is easy to maintain and breed in a lab setting

Question 21

How do peas reproduce?

Answer 21

They can be cross-pollinated or self-pollinated

Question 22

Phenotype

Answer 22

the observable appearance of a trait

Question 23

Genotype

Answer 23

the underlying genetic composition that makes up a trait

Question 24

Pure line

Answer 24

homozygous for a trait

also called true breeding

Question 25

Particulate inheritance

Answer 25

suggests that hereditary determinants maintain their integrity from generation to generation

genes are independently expressed without the blending of characteristics

Question 26

Gametes

Answer 26

haploid

contain one allele from either mom or dad

Question 27

Zygote

Answer 27

diploid

forms when two gametes are fused

contains one allele from both mom and dad

Question 28

Alleles

Answer 28

different versions of a gene

mendel says that each individual has two alleles

Question 29

Principle of segregation

Answer 29

two alleles of each gene must segregate into different gamete cells

Ex: Rr splits into R and r

Question 30

Law of Independent Assortment

Answer 30

the alleles of two or more different genes get sorted into gametes independently

the allele that one gamete receives does not influence the allele that another gamete receives

Question 31

Adaptations are often…

Answer 31

Compromises

Trade offs occur

Question 32

How to determine if a dominant phenotype is due to a heterozygous or homozygous dominant phenotype?

Answer 32

Cross with a homozygous recessive plant

This is called a test cross