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BIO > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What two cellular processes is respiration necessary for?

A

Metabolism and active transport

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2
Q

What processes at an organism level are respiration necessary for? (4)

A

Homeostasis, movement, repair and division

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3
Q

Where does aerobic respiration occur in the cell?

A

The mitochondria AND the cytoplasm.

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4
Q

What are the two parts of the mitochondrial envelope?

A

The outer membrane and inner membrane.

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5
Q

What are the features of the outer membrane?

A

Phospholipid composition

Contains proteins to allow the passage of molecules such as pyruvate (used in the link reaction)

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6
Q

What are the features of the inner membrane?

A

Impermeable to small ions
e.g: H+ (maintains proton gradient)
Folded into cristae (gives a larger surface area for oxidative phosphorylation)

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7
Q

What specialised proteins are embedded in the cristae?

A

Many electron carriers and ATP synthase enzymes (stalked particles)

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8
Q

What process occurs on the cristae?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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9
Q

What parts of respiration occur in the mitochondrial matrix?

A

The link reaction and the krebs cycle.

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10
Q

What does the matrix contain?

A

Enzymes for respiratory reactions.
Many mitochondrial ribosomes (70s)
Granules
mtDNA

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11
Q

What are mitochondrial granules formed of and what is their function?

A

Granules are composed of a build-up of cations and are involved in the regulation of internal ionic conditions.

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12
Q

What is the significance of mitochondrial DNA?

A

Codes for respiratory enzymes (e.g: ATP synthase, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, oxidoreductases)
Supports endosymbiotic theory

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13
Q

What is the structure of ATP?

A

Adenosine tri-phosphate
3 phosphate groups (joined by covalent bonds) connected to a ribose pentose sugar connected to an adenine nitrogenous base.

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14
Q

Is ATP water soluble or not?

A

ATP is water soluble

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15
Q

What kind of reaction forms ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate?

A 
Phosphorylation reaction (addition of phosphate)
Condensation reaction (produces water)
Endergonic
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16
Q

What kind of reaction breaks ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate?

A 
Hydrolysis reaction (requires water)
Exergonic
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17
Q

What 3 ways can the molecule ATP be formed?

A

Photophosphorylation
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation

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18
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

A metabolic pathway in respiration (aerobic and anaerobic) where each glucose molecule is broken down to form 2 molecules of pyruvate in a series of enzyme-controlled reactions.

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19
Q

Where does glycolysis occur and for what processes?

A

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm for aerobic AND anaerobic respiration.

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20
Q

What is NAD, its structure and its function?

A

NAD is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NAD is an organic, non-protein molecule made from x2 linked nucleotides(nicotinamide and adenine) that help dehydrogenase enzymes carry out oxidation (dehydrogenation).

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21
Q

What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

The formation of ATP without the involvement of an electron transport chain.
Phosphate molecules are passed to ADP from donor molecules.

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22
Q

What must happen between glycolysis and the link reaction?

A

Pyruvate must be actively transported into the mitochondrial matrix from the cytoplasm.

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23
Q

Where does the link reaction occur?

A

The mitochondrial matrix.

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24
Q

What is the purpose of the link reaction?

A

LINKS glycolysis to the krebs cycle.

Before pyruvate can enter the krebs cycle, it must be decarboxylated, dehydrogenated and added to coenzyme A

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25
Q

What enzyme complex catalyses the link reaction?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

26
Q

What is the main product of the link reaction?

A

Acetyl CoA

27
Q

Where does the krebs cycle occur?

A

The mitochondrial matrix.

28
Q

How many turns of the krebs cycle occur for one glucose molecule?

A

2

2 acetyl CoA from 2 pyruvate from 1 glucose

29
Q

What molecules are produced by the krebs cycle (quantities not specified)?

A

Coenzyme A, Carbon dioxide, reduced NAD, ATP, reduced FAD

30
Q

What molecule is constantly recycled in the krebs cycle?

A

Oxaloacetate

31
Q

What molecules are oxidised to release 2H+ and 2e- in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Reduced NAD and Reduced FAD

32
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

A

On the inner membrane of the mitochondria (cristae)

33
Q

How is the energy from energised electrons used in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Electrons move down the electron transport chain, in doing so, they power proton pumps, pumping H+ ions into the intermembrane space.

34
Q

What is the proton motive force in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

The movement of H+ ions back into the mitochondrial matrix down an electrochemical and concentration gradient.

35
Q

How is ATP generated in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

H+ ions pass through ATP synthase, resulting in chemiosmosis (the joining of ADP and Pi to form ATP)

36
Q

What role does oxygen play in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

O2 is the final electron acceptor, joining with 4H+ ions and 4e- to form 2 water molecules.

37
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

The process where the movement of H+ ions down a proton gradient provides energy to synthesise ATP via ATP synthase. It occurs on the cristae during oxidative phosphorylation, and on the thylakoid membranes during photophosphorylation.
Proton gradient produced using an electron transport chain to pump protons.

38
Q

Why is the theoretical ATP yield of aerobic respiration not met? (4 reasons)

A

There is some leakage of protons across membranes.
Some ATP is used to actively transport pyruvate and reduced NAD to the matrix.
Some energy wasted in the ETC as heat.
Some reduced NAD used for other purposes, e.g: DNA repair.

39
Q

What provides some evidence for chemiosmosis? (3)

A

There are pH differences across the inner membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Thylakoid membranes and cristae can produce ATP without an ETC, as long as a pH gradient is maintained.
Chemicals that prevent H+ being transported across the membrane also stop ATP being produced.

40
Q

What is a definition for anaerobic respiration?

A

The release of energy from substrates such as glucose in the absence of oxygen.

41
Q

What processes of aerobic respiration cannot occur in anaerobic respiration?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation cannot occur.

This means that the link reaction and krebs cycle cannot take place as they are not supplied with NAD+ and FAD.

42
Q

Which processes of aerobic respiration can still take place in anaerobic respiration?

A

Glycolysis.

43
Q

What is fermentation? Why is it useful?

A

Using reduced NAD to reduce pyruvate, producing NAD+. This allows glycolysis to take place in anaerobic respiration.

44
Q

How is ATP produced in fermentation? (anaerobic respiration)

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation, this is much less ATP than is produced through oxidative phosphorylation.

45
Q

What are the 2 fermentation pathways?

A

Alcoholic fermentation and Lactate fermentation.

46
Q

In alcoholic fermentation, what is the hydrogen acceptor and what enzymes are necessary?

A

Pyruvate is decarboxylated forming ethanal.
Ethanal is the hydrogen acceptor forming ethanol.
Pyruvate decarboxylase and ethanal dehydrogenase are required.

47
Q

In lactate fermentation, what is the hydrogen acceptor and what enzyme is necessary?

A

Pyruvate is the hydrogen acceptor forming lactate.

Lactate dehydrogenase is required.

48
Q

What is the problem with lactate fermentation in the human body?

A

Lactate causes cramp and muscle fatigue due to oxygen debt. (Lactate is oxidised to pyruvate when oxygen becomes available)
Too much lactate is toxic, it is removed by the liver and converted back into glucose in the cori cycle.

49
Q

What is a respiratory substrate? What are some examples?

A

A biological molecule that can be used for respiration to release energy when broken down e.g: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

50
Q

Put the 3 main respiratory substrates in order of the energy they release (hydrogens present).

A

Lipids
Proteins
Carbohydrates

51
Q

Put the 3 main respiratory substrates in order of priority of usage in the body.

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins (only respired as a last resort)

52
Q

What is the respiratory quotient?

A

The ratio of the volume carbon dioxide produced over the volume oxygen used.

53
Q

What is the respiratory quotient used for?

A

The respiratory quotient can be used to determine which substrate is being respired by an organism.

54
Q

What is an obligate anaerobe?

A

An organism that can only survive in anoxic conditions.

Only respires anaerobically.

55
Q

What is a facultative anaerobe?

A

An organism that can produce ATP aerobically or anaerobically, depending on the presence of oxygen.

56
Q

What is an obligate aerobe?

A

An organism that can only produce ATP aerobically.

57
Q

Why can alcoholic fermentation not be reversed?

A

In alcoholic fermentation, pyruvate is reduced to ethanol and carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide molecule is lost so the reaction cannot be reversed.

58
Q

What is the RQ value for a carbohydrate?

A

1.0

59
Q

How many carbon atoms does Acetyl CoA have?

A

2

60
Q

What are some typical RQ values for proteins and lipids?

A

Protein -> 0.8/0.9

Lipid -> 0.7

BIO (33 decks)

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