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BIO > Communicable diseases, primary defence, treatment > Flashcards

Communicable diseases, primary defence, treatment Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the two different bacterial cell wall types?

A

Gram positive or gram negative.

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2
Q

What are three examples of bacterial diseases?

A 
Tuberculosis (destroys lungs and immune system).
Bacterial meningitis (infects meninges of brain).
Ring rot (affects potato/tomato crops).
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3
Q

What are the distinguishing features of viruses?

A

They are non-living infectious agents.
They are extremely small and comprise only of genetic and protein material.
They are parasitic and take over other living cells in order to reproduce.
They adapt very quickly.

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4
Q

What are three examples of viral infections?

A

HIV/AIDS (destroys T helper cells)
Influenza (affects ciliated epithelial cells in the lungs).
Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) (affects crops)

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5
Q

What are protoctista?

A

Eukaryotic cells that are not usually pathogenic.

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6
Q

What are 2 examples of protoctista diseases?

A

Malaria (invades erythrocytes, spread by female mosquito)

Potato/Tomato late blight (hyphae penetrate cells, destroying tissue)

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7
Q

What is the name of the species that causes malaria?

A

Plasmodium

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8
Q

What kind of protoctista causes late blight?

A

An oomycete (fungus-like)

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9
Q

What are the defining features of pathogenic fungi?

A

They mainly affect plants.
They are saprotrophs.
They spread spores.

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10
Q

What does it mean that fungi are saprotrophs?

A

They feed on dead matter.

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11
Q

What are three example of fungal diseases?

A 
Black sigatoka (turns banana leaves black).
Ring worm (infections on skin of cattle).
Athlete's foot (digests warm moist skin, antifungals effective)
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12
Q

How do viruses cause harm?

A

Insert new DNA, take over metabolism, replicate inside cell and burst out.

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13
Q

How do protoctista cause harm?

A

digest cells, replicate inside cell, burst out.

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14
Q

How do fungi cause harm?

A

Digest and destroy cells.

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15
Q

How do bacteria cause harm?

A

Produce toxins which damage cell membranes and interrupt enzyme activity, interfering with metabolism.

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16
Q

What are 3 examples of direct transmission of communicable diseases?

A

Direct contact.
Inoculation (break in the skin e.g: injection).
Ingestion (contaminated food/drink).

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17
Q

What are 3 examples of indirect transmission of communicable diseases?

A

Fomites (inanimate objects such as bedding).
Droplet infection (sneezing, humid air).
Vectors (mosquitos, rats, water, air(spores)).

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18
Q

What are 3 examples of physical plant defences?

A

Cellulose cell wall.
Waxy epidermal cuticles.
Bark (with suberin).

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19
Q

What are 5 examples of inducible plant defences?

A 
Toxin production.
Stomatal closure.
Pathogen-degrading enzymes..
Apoptosis.
Callose production and deposition.
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20
Q

What is callose?

A

Polysaccharide with many beta 1,3 and 1,6 linkages.

Forms a physical barrier against pathogens.

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21
Q

How is callose used as a defense by plants?

A

Callose is rapidly synthesized following infection.
Deposited between cell wall and membrane near infected region.
Callose and lignin continue to be deposited, blocking the sieve plates of the phloem.
Callose is deposited in the plasmodesmata of cells adjacent to the infection.
The infected area of the plant is sacrificed.

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22
Q

What are 6 examples of primary non-specific defenses in humans?

A 
Mucous membranes.
Blood Clotting.
Inflammatory response.
Expulsive reflexes.
Fever.
Skin.
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23
Q

How are mucous membranes used as a primary non-specific defense?

A

They trap pathogens. They contain lysozymes and phagocytes to then dispose of the pathogen.

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24
Q

What is blood clotting?

A

When skin is breached, it is quickly sealed up and repaired, this is coordinated by platelets.

25
Q

What do platelets produce when activated in damaged tissues?

A

Thromboplastin.

Seratonin.

26
Q

Why do platelets produce thromboplastin?

A

Thromboplastin, prothrombin and Ca2+ make thrombin which catalyses fibrinogen to form fibrin which forms the thrombus (clot).

27
Q

What is the thrombus strengthened with?

A

Collagen.

28
Q

Why do platelets produce seratonin?

A

Seratonin contracts smooth muscles, reducing blood supply to the damaged tissue.

29
Q

What is the inflammatory response?

A

Pain, heat, redness and swelling.

30
Q

What causes an inflammatory response?

A

Activated mast cells.

31
Q

What do mast cells do?

A

They release histamines and cytokines.
They cause a rise in temperature. (heat)
They cause blood vessels to become more dilated.(redness)

32
Q

What role do histamines have in the inflammatory response?

A

Histamines make capillaries more leaky, increasing the volume of tissue fluid causing oedema (swelling).

33
Q

What role do cytokines have in the inflammatory response?

A

Cytokines attract phagocytes to the site to engulf any pathogens.

34
Q

What are expulsive reflexes and what do they do?

A

Coughing and sneezing. (expel the contents of the upper gas exchange system)
Vomiting and diarrhoea. (expel the contents of the gut)

35
Q

What is a fever caused by?

A

Pyrogens, which stimulate the hypothalamus into raising the resting body temp.

36
Q

Why is a fever a primary non-specific defense?

A

The raised temperature reduces the speed of pathogen reproduction, and increases the speed and effectiveness of the specific immune response.

37
Q

What is the primary response to a pathogen?

A

When a specific pathogen is encountered for the first time.

Slow production of complementary antibodies.

38
Q

What is the secondary response to a pathogen?

How is it different to the primary response?

A

Memory B-cells immediately produce antibodies, resulting in a faster response with more antibodies produced.

39
Q

What is vaccination?

A

The deliberate exposure to antigenic material, which activates the immune system, causing an immune response and immunity (ability to resist infection).

40
Q

What types of immunity are there?

A

Natural passive immunity.
Natural active immunity.
Artificial passive immunity.
Artificial active immunity. (Vaccination)

41
Q

What is natural passive immunity?

A

When antibodies pass from the mother to the fetus in colustrum (first milk) providing short-term immunity.

42
Q

What is natural active immunity?

A

When memory B-cells are produced after a natural exposure to a pathogen resulting in an immune response.

43
Q

What is artificial passive immunity?

A

When antibodies that have been artificially created are injected, providing temporary protection.

44
Q

What are the different types of vaccination?

A 
Attenuated pathogen (non-virile strain).
Dead pathogen.
Harmless toxin.
Microorganism with similar antigen structure.
Only antigens from the pathogen.
45
Q

What is a pandemic?

A

One disease that spreads rapidly over an international level.

46
Q

What is an epidemic?

A

One disease which spreads rapidly on a local or national level.

47
Q

What is a ring vaccination?

A

When only people in close contact with an isolated infected patient are vaccinated.

48
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

Indirect protection from disease when a large percentage of a population is vaccinated.

49
Q

What are the two types of antibiotic and what do they do?

A

Bactericidal (kill bacteria).

Bacteriostatic (stop bacteria multiplying).

50
Q

What are the advantages to using antibiotics?

A

Destroy bacteria without harming normal body cells.

Often they can treat many different bacterial infections (wide spectrum).

51
Q

What are the disadvantages to using antibiotics?

A

Can kill good bacteria.
Cannot kill viruses.
Can result in unwanted side effects.
Can lead to antibiotic resistance.

52
Q

What are two examples of superbugs?

A

MRSA and c. difficile.

53
Q

How does penicillin work against bacteria?

A

Prevents the formation of bacterial cell walls (enzyme inhibitor).

54
Q

How do erythromycin, streptomycin and tetracycline work against bacteria?

A

They prevent the bacteria from making proteins.

55
Q

How does polymyxin work against bacteria?

A

Prevents formation of the bacterial cell membrane.

56
Q

How are new drugs designed?

A

Use of 3D models of molecules in the body, antigens and pathogens.
Particular areas of the pathogen are targeted.
Computers are used to sort through a database of thousands of molecules.

57
Q

Why are most new drugs based on molecules found in plants?

A

This is cost-effective as it is very expensive to synthesise large amounts of a complex molecule from scratch.

58
Q

What is pharmacogenomics?

A

Treating disease using drugs combined with a knowledge of personal genetic information.

59
Q

What are the three ways antibiotics affect bacteria?

A

Interfering with cell wall synthesis.
Interfering with protein synthesis.
Disrupting cell membrane function.

BIO (33 decks)

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