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BIO > Biodiversity > Flashcards

Biodiversity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

The variety of living organisms present in an area.

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2
Q

What is habitat biodiversity?

A

The number of different habitats in an area.

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3
Q

What two factors determine species biodiversity?

A

Species richness and species evenness.

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4
Q

What is species richness?

A

The number of different species living in an area.

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5
Q

What is species evenness?

A

A comparison of the populations of different species in a community.

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6
Q

What is a species?

A

A group of organisms that are able to interbreed producing fertile offspring.

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7
Q

What is a habitat?

A

An environment in which organisms live.

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8
Q

What is a community?

A

All the different species living within an area.

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9
Q

What is a population?

A

All the members of the same species living within the same habitat.

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10
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

A community of living organisms and abiotic components in a specific habitat, which interact. They are dynamic.

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11
Q

Which latitudes of the earth are the most biodiverse?

A

Tropical and subtropical regions.

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12
Q

What is genetic biodiversity?

A

The variety of genes within a population/species (more alleles = higher diversity).

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13
Q

What is genetic polymorphism?

A

The occurrence of alternative DNA sequences (alleles) at a locus among individuals, groups or populations, at a frequency greater than 1%.

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14
Q

What is a locus?

A

The specific position of a gene on a chromosome.

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15
Q

What makes a gene polymorphic?

A

If more than one allele occupies that gene’s locus within a population. e.g: eye colour

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16
Q

What makes a gene monomorphic?

A

If there is only one allele at that gene’s locus within the population.

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17
Q

How do you calculate the proportion of polymorphic gene loci?

A

Divide the number of polymorphic gene loci by the total number of gene loci.

18
Q

What decreases genetic biodiversity?

A 
Selective breeding
Artificial cloning
Natural selection
Genetic bottlenecks
The founder effect
Captive breeding
Human population growth
Agriculture
Climate change
19
Q

What increases genetic biodiversity?

A

Mutation
Interbreeding
Genetic modification

20
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

Change in allele frequency of a population over time.

21
Q

What is a population bottleneck?

A

When a population’s size is significantly reduced for at least one generation resulting in less genetic diversity due to a small gene pool. (e.g: natural disaster such as disease)

22
Q

What is the founder effect?

A

When a new colony is started, there is a smaller population with a non-random sample of alleles from the original population, resulting in less genetic biodiversity due to less alleles in the surviving population.
The modern population is descended from only a few survivors.

23
Q

What are 3 reasons for maintaining biodiversity?

A

Aesthetic
Economic
Ecological

24
Q

Outline the aesthetic reasons for maintaining biodiversity.

A

Biodiversity is essential for human wellbeing, so landscapes must be maintained.

25
Q

Outline the economic reasons for maintaining biodiversity.

A

The medical use of organisms to develop new drugs.
Fertile soil for growing crops (monoculture results in soil depletion)
Tourism.

26
Q

Outline the ecological reasons for maintaining biodiversity.

A

Interdependence of organisms (e,g: bees pollinate trees).
Keystone species play a key role in maintaining the structure of their ecological community, and affect many other organisms.
Maintenance of genetic resources.

27
Q

What is conservation?

A

The maintenance of biodiversity by active, sustainable management of an ecosystem.
Conservation is a dynamic process involving management and reclamation.

28
Q

What is the difference between in situ and ex situ conservation?

A

In situ occurs inside the natural habitat.

Ex situ occurs outside the natural habitat.

29
Q

What are the benefits of in situ conservation? (3)

A

Cheaper
Maintains interdependence of organisms
Maintains genetic diversity and adaptability

30
Q

What are two examples of in situ conservation efforts?

A

Wildlife reserves

Marine conservation zones

31
Q

What are 6 in situ conservation strategies?

A 
Controlling grazing
Restricting human access
Controlling poaching
Feeding animals
Reintroducing species
Culling invasive species
32
Q

What is the use of ex situ conservation?

A

Ensures survival of endangered species when coupled with in situ conservation

33
Q

What are 3 examples of ex situ conservation strategies?

A

Botanic gardens
Seed banks
Captive breeding programmes (zoos)

34
Q

What are 3 negatives of captive breeding programmes?

A

Some captive animals lose resistance to disease.
Animals lose learned survival behaviours.
Animals can become too genetically different from wild members of their species.

35
Q

What is the purpose of conservation agreements?

A

Preventing the loss of biodiversity on a national and international level.

36
Q

What is CITES?

A

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

An international agreement ensuring that trade in wild animals does not threaten their survival.

37
Q

What are the 3 goals of CITES?

A

Regulate, monitor and prevent trade in endangered species.
Ensure international trade does not threaten wild populations.
Prohibit commercial trade in wild plants.

38
Q

What is CBD (rio convention)?

A

Convention on Biological Diversity

39
Q

What are the 3 aims of CBD?

A

Sustainable use of the components of biological diversity.
Fair and equitable sharing of genetic resources amongst nations.
International cooperation on biodiversity issues and ex situ conservation (e.g: seed banks).

40
Q

What is CSS?

A

Countryside Stewardship Scheme

Encourage farmers and local land owners to adopt conservation measures on a local/national level.

41
Q

What are the 4 goals of CSS?

A

Sustain the beauty and diversity of the landscape,
Improve and extend wildlife habitats.
Improve opportunities for countryside enjoyment.
Conserve habitats, landscape features, archaeological sites, historic features.

42
Q

What are the benefits of greater species diversity?

A

The community is more stable and more able to cope with biotic and abiotic changes.

BIO (33 decks)

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