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BIO > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is an equation for the magnification of a micrograph?

A

Magnification=image size/object size

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2
Q

What is resolution in terms of microscopy?

A

The minimum distance two objects can be apart and still appear separate.

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3
Q

What is a resolution and magnification for a light microscope?

A

200nm resolution

x2000 magnification

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4
Q

What is a resolution and magnification for a scanning electron microscope?

A

5nm resolution

x500,000 magnification

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5
Q

What is a resolution and magnification for a transmission electron microscope?

A

0.5nm resolution

x1,000,000 magnification

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6
Q

What kind of micrograph does a SEM give?

A

Produces a 3D image

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7
Q

What kind of micrograph does a TEM give?

A

Gives a view inside cells (2D image)

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8
Q

What kind of micrograph does a laser scanning confocal microscope give?

A

Gives a view at certain depths within a cell.

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9
Q

What is differential staining?

A

When multiple stains are used to provide contrast between different structures.

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10
Q

Describe the structure of the nucleus.

A

Nuclear envelope with nuclear pores in it. Inside the nucleus is nucleoplasm, containing chromatin and the nucleolus.

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11
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Uncoiled DNA and histone proteins found in the nucleus.

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12
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and how is it suited to its function?

A

Large surface area and ribosomes on surface for protein synthesis. (translation)
The RER also provides a pathway for material transport.

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13
Q

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Synthesises, transports and stores lipids and carbohydrates.

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14
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A

Modifies and folds proteins.
Allows transport in transport vesicles.
Makes lysosomes.
Transports, modifies and stores lipids.

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15
Q

What is the name for the flattened sacs of the golgi apparatus?

A

Cisternae

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16
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

A

Controls movement of materials in and out of the cell.
Allows cells to attach forming tissues.
Has recognitive sites for hormones, drugs and the immune system.

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17
Q

What is the function of a ribosome?

A

The site of translation during protein synthesis.

18
Q

What is the function of the centrioles?

A

Form spindle fibres used during mitosis and meiosis.

19
Q

What are the function of pseudopodia?

A

(false feet) used by phagocytes to capture microorganisms in phagocytosis.

20
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

Used to destroy foreign material inside and outside the cell.
Digests old organelles.
Breaks down cell during apoptosis.

21
Q

What is the structure of a lysosome?

A

Vesicle filled with digestive enzymes.

22
Q

What is the structure of mitochondria?

A

Double membrane with the mitochondrial matrix in the middle.

Folds in the inner membrane are called cristae.

23
Q

What is the structure of a chloroplast?

A

Chloroplast envelope with grana, stroma and starch grains inside.

24
Q

What is different in a plant cell to an animal cell?

A

Cell walls containing plasmodesmata.
Chloroplasts.
No centrioles.
Vacuole storing water and sugar, maintaining hydrostatic pressure.

25
Q

What is the cytoskeleton and what is it comprised of?

A

3D structure of proteins filling the cytoplasm.

Actin filaments, microtubules, intermediate fibres.

26
Q

What are actin filaments made out of and what is their function?

A

Made out of actin.

Responsible for cellular movements such as contraction, gliding and cytokinesis.

27
Q

What are microtubules made out of and what is their function?

A

Made out of tubulin.
Form a scaffold to give the cell shape.
Provide “tracks” for organelles to move on.
Locomotion (cilia and flagella)

28
Q

What is the role of intermediate fibres in the cytoskeleton?

A

Provide tensile strength for cells.

Provide internal structure and anchor organelles.

29
Q

What are flagella and what is their structure?

A

Whip-like appendages, allowing cellular movement.

Made out of a 9+2 arrangement of microtubules also containing dyneins (motor proteins).

30
Q

What is the defining feature of prokaryotic cells?

A

No membrane-bound organelles, including nuclear envelope.

31
Q

What is the cell wall of prokaryotic cells made from?

A

Peptidoglycan.

32
Q

What do prokaryotic cells use for respiration?

A

Mesosomes.

33
Q

How do prokaryotic cells store their DNA?

A

Most of the DNA is in a loop called a nucleoid.

Some extra DNA is stored as plasmids (e.g: genes responsible for antibiotic resistance)

34
Q

What is the name of the extra protective layer prokaryotic cells have around their cell wall?

A

Capsule

35
Q

Are prokaryotic ribosomes larger or smaller than eukaryotic?

A

Prokaryotic ribosomes are smaller (70s compared to 80s)

36
Q

What is the endosymbiont theory?

A

Prokaryote ancestor “engulfs” another prokaryote and forms a symbiotic relationship, causing the cell to become eukaryotic.

37
Q

What are the cell walls of fungi made from?

A

Chitin

38
Q

What are the defining features of a micrograph taken using a light microscope?

A

Organelles other than the nucleus cannot be resolved.

The picture is often in colour.

39
Q

What is the role of the nucleus in the cell?

A

Where DNA is stored
=>produces RNA
Produces ribosomes (80s)

40
Q

What are cilia?

A

Hair-like structures that beat in unison, found in specialized eukaryotic cells such as ciliated epithelial cells.

41
Q

What are pili?

A

Structures on the outside of some prokaryotic cells, with a locomotive role.
Similar to cilia.

BIO (33 decks)

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