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BIO > Animal responses > Flashcards

Animal responses Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the cerebrum responsible for?

A

Thinking
Speech
Memory
Sensory processing

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2
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

A

Balance and coordination, posture

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3
Q

What is the medulla oblongata responsible for?

A

Breathing, heart rate, peristalsis.

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4
Q

What is the hypothalamus responsible for?

A

Contains receptors involved in temperature regulation and osmoregulation.

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5
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

An endocrine gland in the brain releasing hormones like ADH.

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6
Q

What are the meninges?

A

A three-membrane layer between the skull and brain.

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7
Q

What is the function of the meninges?

A

Secrete cerebro-spinal fluid that helps:
absorb mechanical shock.
provide oxygen and nutrients to cells of the CNS.

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8
Q

What can the mammalian nervous system be split up into?

A

The central nervous system (brain and spinal cord relay neurons) and the peripheral nervous system (sensory and motor neurons).

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9
Q

What can the PNS be split up into?

A

The somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.

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10
Q

What are the features of the somatic nervous system?

A

Conscious control.
Input from sense organs.
Output to skeletal muscles.

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11
Q

What are the features of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Subconscious control.
Input from internal receptors.
Output to smooth muscles and glands.

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12
Q

What can the autonomic nervous system be split up into?

A

The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

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13
Q

What kind of responses is the sympathetic nervous system responsible for?

A

“fight or flight” responses.

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14
Q

What kind of responses is the parasympathetic nervous system responsible for?

A

“rest and digest” responses.

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15
Q

What neurotransmitter is mainly used in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Noradrenaline

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16
Q

What neurotransmitter is mainly used in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine

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17
Q

What are the functions of glial cells in the nervous system?

A

Supply oxygen and nutrients to the neurons.
Maintain ion balance in the fluid surrounding neurons.
Provide support and protection for neurons.

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18
Q

What is an example of a glial cell?

A

Shwann cells.

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19
Q

What nervous system are reflexes part of and why?

A

The somatic nervous system as the effectors are skeletal muscles.

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20
Q

What is a bundle of neurons called?

A

A nerve.

21
Q

What is the function of the dorsal root of the spinal nerve?

A

Carry impulses from receptors towards the spinal cord along a sensory neuron.

22
Q

What is the function of the ventral root of the spinal nerve?

A

Carry impulses to effectors away from the CNS along motor neurons.

23
Q

Which nerve cell bodies are found inside the spinal cord?

A

Intermediate/relay neuron cell body.

Motor neuron cell body.

24
Q

Where is the position of the autonomic ganglion for the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Just outside the target organ.

very short postganglionic neuron and long preganglionic neuron

25
Q

Where is the position of the autonomic ganglion for the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Just outside the spinal cord.

short preganglionic neuron and long postganglionic neuron

26
Q

What are some examples of responses that the sympathetic nervous system coordinates?

A

Increasing heart rate.
Dilating pupils.
Faster ventilation.
Glycogenolysis.

27
Q

What are some examples of responses that the parasympathetic nervous system coordinates?

A 
Decreasing heart rate.
Contracting pupils.
Glycogenesis.
Sphincter muscles relax.
Exocrine secretion in the pancreas.
Allows peristalsis
28
Q

What is a reflex?

A

A rapid, involuntary response to a sensory stimuli usually with the purpose of protecting the body.

29
Q

What does it mean that a reflex is involuntary?

A

The response is not coordinated by impulses from the cerebrum.

30
Q

What is an example of a reflex arc?

A

Receptor, sensory neuron, relay neuron, motor neuron, effector.

31
Q

What are some examples of reflex responses?

A

Knee jerk reflex
Blinking reflex
Pupil dilation/contraction

32
Q

What is a monosynaptic reflex?

A

A reflex that has only one synapse in its reflex arc.

33
Q

Why is it important for survival that reflexes are involuntary?

A

So that the brain is free to coordinate more complex responses.

34
Q

Why is it important that reflexes are innate?

A

Present at birth, so grant immediate protection.

35
Q

What are 4 features of reflexes that make them important for survival?

A

Involuntary
Innate
Fast
Day to day (e.g: not falling over, digestion)

36
Q

In which part of the brain is the nervous control of heart rate coordinated?

A

The medulla oblongata.

37
Q

How does the cardio-acceleratory system affect heart rate?

A

It is linked to the sino-atrial node by the accelerator nerve.
It is also linked to the adrenal glands causing the secretion of adrenaline.

38
Q

How does the cardio-inhibitory system affect heat rate?

A

It is linked to the sino-atrial node by the vagus nerve.

39
Q

What nervous system is the accelerator nerve part of?

A

The sympathetic nervous system.

40
Q

What nervous system is the vagus nerve part of?

A

The parasympathetic nervous system.

41
Q

What 3 types of cell inform the cardio-acceleratory and inhibitory systems?

A

Baroreceptors. (pressure receptors)
Chemoreceptors.
Stretch receptors.

42
Q

What do baroreceptors detect and what effect would these detections have?

A

Low blood pressure would activate the cardio-acceleratory system and increase ADH secretion.
High blood pressure would activate the cardio-inhibitory system and decrease ADH secretion.

43
Q

What are chemoreceptors sensitive to and what effect do they have?

A

Sensitive to pH changes in the blood.

Low pH blood corresponds to a high carbonic acid concentration, this will activate the cardio-acceleratory system.

44
Q

What are stretch receptors sensitive to and what effect do they have?

A

Sensitive to limb movement. If there is a lot of limb movement, the cardio-acceleratory system will be activated.

45
Q

Where are baroreceptors found?

A

Aorta, vena cava, carotid arteries(in the neck).

46
Q

Where are stretch receptors found?

A

In skeletal muscles.

47
Q

What is the part of the cerebrum that integrates information from primary sensory areas?

A

Association areas

48
Q

What is the gross structure of the brain?

A

See bio book

BIO (33 decks)

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