Animal responses Flashcards
What is the cerebrum responsible for?
Thinking
Speech
Memory
Sensory processing
What is the cerebellum responsible for?
Balance and coordination, posture
What is the medulla oblongata responsible for?
Breathing, heart rate, peristalsis.
What is the hypothalamus responsible for?
Contains receptors involved in temperature regulation and osmoregulation.
What is the pituitary gland?
An endocrine gland in the brain releasing hormones like ADH.
What are the meninges?
A three-membrane layer between the skull and brain.
What is the function of the meninges?
Secrete cerebro-spinal fluid that helps:
absorb mechanical shock.
provide oxygen and nutrients to cells of the CNS.
What can the mammalian nervous system be split up into?
The central nervous system (brain and spinal cord relay neurons) and the peripheral nervous system (sensory and motor neurons).
What can the PNS be split up into?
The somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.
What are the features of the somatic nervous system?
Conscious control.
Input from sense organs.
Output to skeletal muscles.
What are the features of the autonomic nervous system?
Subconscious control.
Input from internal receptors.
Output to smooth muscles and glands.
What can the autonomic nervous system be split up into?
The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
What kind of responses is the sympathetic nervous system responsible for?
“fight or flight” responses.
What kind of responses is the parasympathetic nervous system responsible for?
“rest and digest” responses.
What neurotransmitter is mainly used in the sympathetic nervous system?
Noradrenaline
What neurotransmitter is mainly used in the parasympathetic nervous system?
Acetylcholine
What are the functions of glial cells in the nervous system?
Supply oxygen and nutrients to the neurons.
Maintain ion balance in the fluid surrounding neurons.
Provide support and protection for neurons.
What is an example of a glial cell?
Shwann cells.
What nervous system are reflexes part of and why?
The somatic nervous system as the effectors are skeletal muscles.
What is a bundle of neurons called?
A nerve.
What is the function of the dorsal root of the spinal nerve?
Carry impulses from receptors towards the spinal cord along a sensory neuron.
What is the function of the ventral root of the spinal nerve?
Carry impulses to effectors away from the CNS along motor neurons.
Which nerve cell bodies are found inside the spinal cord?
Intermediate/relay neuron cell body.
Motor neuron cell body.
Where is the position of the autonomic ganglion for the parasympathetic nervous system?
Just outside the target organ.
very short postganglionic neuron and long preganglionic neuron
Where is the position of the autonomic ganglion for the sympathetic nervous system?
Just outside the spinal cord.
short preganglionic neuron and long postganglionic neuron
What are some examples of responses that the sympathetic nervous system coordinates?
Increasing heart rate.
Dilating pupils.
Faster ventilation.
Glycogenolysis.
What are some examples of responses that the parasympathetic nervous system coordinates?
Decreasing heart rate. Contracting pupils. Glycogenesis. Sphincter muscles relax. Exocrine secretion in the pancreas. Allows peristalsis
What is a reflex?
A rapid, involuntary response to a sensory stimuli usually with the purpose of protecting the body.
What does it mean that a reflex is involuntary?
The response is not coordinated by impulses from the cerebrum.
What is an example of a reflex arc?
Receptor, sensory neuron, relay neuron, motor neuron, effector.
What are some examples of reflex responses?
Knee jerk reflex
Blinking reflex
Pupil dilation/contraction
What is a monosynaptic reflex?
A reflex that has only one synapse in its reflex arc.
Why is it important for survival that reflexes are involuntary?
So that the brain is free to coordinate more complex responses.
Why is it important that reflexes are innate?
Present at birth, so grant immediate protection.
What are 4 features of reflexes that make them important for survival?
Involuntary
Innate
Fast
Day to day (e.g: not falling over, digestion)
In which part of the brain is the nervous control of heart rate coordinated?
The medulla oblongata.
How does the cardio-acceleratory system affect heart rate?
It is linked to the sino-atrial node by the accelerator nerve.
It is also linked to the adrenal glands causing the secretion of adrenaline.
How does the cardio-inhibitory system affect heat rate?
It is linked to the sino-atrial node by the vagus nerve.
What nervous system is the accelerator nerve part of?
The sympathetic nervous system.
What nervous system is the vagus nerve part of?
The parasympathetic nervous system.
What 3 types of cell inform the cardio-acceleratory and inhibitory systems?
Baroreceptors. (pressure receptors)
Chemoreceptors.
Stretch receptors.
What do baroreceptors detect and what effect would these detections have?
Low blood pressure would activate the cardio-acceleratory system and increase ADH secretion.
High blood pressure would activate the cardio-inhibitory system and decrease ADH secretion.
What are chemoreceptors sensitive to and what effect do they have?
Sensitive to pH changes in the blood.
Low pH blood corresponds to a high carbonic acid concentration, this will activate the cardio-acceleratory system.
What are stretch receptors sensitive to and what effect do they have?
Sensitive to limb movement. If there is a lot of limb movement, the cardio-acceleratory system will be activated.
Where are baroreceptors found?
Aorta, vena cava, carotid arteries(in the neck).
Where are stretch receptors found?
In skeletal muscles.
What is the part of the cerebrum that integrates information from primary sensory areas?
Association areas
What is the gross structure of the brain?
See bio book
