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AQA A level Biology > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What is the equation for aerobic respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6H2O + 6CO2

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2
Q

What type of reaction is aerobic respiration

A

Oxidation

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3
Q

Aerobic respiration involves the oxidation of organic molecules to release what

A

Energy

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4
Q

What is the energy released from aerobic respiration used for

A

The synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi

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5
Q

What are the 4 stages of respiration, list in order

A
  • Glycolysis
  • Link reaction
  • Krebs cycle
  • Electron transport chain
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6
Q

Where does glycolysis occur

A

In the cytoplasm

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7
Q

Where does the link reaction occur

A

In the mitochondrial matrix

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8
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle occur

A

In the mitochondrial matrix

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9
Q

Where does the electron transport chain occur

A

In the cristae / inner mitochondrial membrane

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10
Q

What type of proteins do the 70S ribosome code for in the mitochondria

A

Enzymes

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11
Q

Why is it important for membranes to be present within a cell, so around the organelles

A

To allow for compartmentalise so the concentration of enzymes for example necessary for respiration is high in the mitochondria where the respiration takes place

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12
Q

Why does glycolysis occur in the cytoplasm

A

It’s the location of the enzymes involved

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13
Q

What is the name of the enzymes used in glycolysis

A

Dehydrogenases

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14
Q

What happens to glucose in glycolysis

A

It’s phosphorylated by ATP to increase the reactivity

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15
Q

While glucose is phosphorylated, what also happens

A

ATP is hydrolysed into ADP and the Pi does the phosphorylating

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16
Q

When glucose is phosphorylated what is the product

A

Hexose diphosphate

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17
Q

What happens to the molecule when hexose diphosphate is converted into triose phosphate

A

The hexose diphosphate splits

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18
Q

From one hexose diphosphate molecule how many triose phosphate molecules are produced

A

2

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19
Q

What is the type of reaction that converts triose phosphate into pyruvate

A

Oxidation

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20
Q

What is the other way of saying triose phosphate is oxidised into pyruvate

A

Triose phosphate is dehydrogenased into pyruvate

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21
Q

When triose phosphate is oxidised into pyruvate, what is reduced

A

NAD to NADH2

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22
Q

What is produced when triose phosphate is oxidised into pyruvate

A

ATP is synthesised from 4ADP

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23
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced when triose phosphate is oxidised into pyruvate

A

4

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24
Q

When ATP is synthesised during the oxidation of triose phosphate during glycolysis, where does the energy come from

A

The reduction of NAD

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25
Q

When ATP is synthesised from ADP and Pi using the energy released during the reduction of NAD during glycolysis, what is the name process

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

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26
Q

What are the end products of glycolysis

A
  • 2 pyruvate
  • 2 ATP
  • 2 NADH2
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27
Q

Why is the net gain of ATP 2 in glycolysis

A

SInce 2 ATP is used to produce the 4 ATP molecules so net gain of 2

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28
Q

What is the name of the process after glycolysis

A

Link reaction

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29
Q

Why does the link reaction occur in the mitochondrial matrix

A

It’s the location the enzymes

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30
Q

What is the name of the enzymes involved in the link reaction

A

Dehydrogenase

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31
Q

What type of molecule is pyruvate

A

Polar molecule

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32
Q

How does pyruvate enter the mitochondrial matrix

A

Through specific carrier proteins

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33
Q

Why can glucose not enter the mitochondria

A

As there are no glucose carriers in the mitochondrial membrane

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34
Q

What type of reaction is the conversion of pyruvate into acetate

A

Oxidation

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35
Q

When pyruvate is oxidised into acetate what is reduced

A

NAD

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36
Q

What is the name of the enzyme that oxidises pyruvate into acetate

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

37
Q

When pyruvate is oxidised acetate, what is produced

A

A molecule of carbon dioxide

38
Q

What combines with acetate to form acetyl Co-A

A

Co-enzyme A

39
Q

How many carbons are in acetate

A

2

40
Q

How many carbons are in pyruvate

A

3

41
Q

How many carbons are in Acetyl Co-A

A

2

42
Q

What is Co-enzyme A not

A

An enzyme

43
Q

What is Co-enzyme A used for

A

To help regulate enzymes and to activate enzymes so they can function

44
Q

What type of enzymes are involved in the Krebs cycle

A

Dehydrogenases

45
Q

The Krebs cycle involves a series of what

A

Oxidation & decarboxylation reaction

46
Q

What are the products of the Krebs cycle

A
  • x1 ATP
  • x2 carbon dioxide
  • x3 NADH2
  • x1 FADH2
47
Q

The ATP produced in the Krebs cycle is produced by type of phosphorylation

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

48
Q

In the Krebs cycle, what does the 4 carbon molecule combine with the make the 6 carbon molecule

A

Acetyl Co-A

49
Q

When the 6 carbon molecule becomes the 5 carbon molecule in the Krebs cycle, what is released from the cycle and what is the name of the process

A
  • Carbon dioxide is released
  • It’s known as decarboxylation
50
Q

When the 6 carbon molecule becomes the 5 carbon molecule in the Krebs cycle, what is reduced

A

NAD

51
Q

When the 5 carbon molecule becomes the 4 carbon molecule, what is released

A
  • Carbon dioxide
52
Q

When the 5 carbon molecule becomes the 4 carbon molecule in the Krebs cycle, what 2 things are reduced

A
  • NAD
  • FAD
53
Q

When the 5 carbon molecule becomes the 4 carbon molecules in the Krebs cycle, what is synthesised

A

ATP from ADP and Pi (by substrate level phosphorylation)

54
Q

Why does the electron transport chain occur in the inner mitochondrial membrane

A

It’s the location of the electron carriers, proton pumps and ATP synthesis

55
Q

The electron transport chain involves a series of _______ reactions

A

Redox

56
Q

In the electron transport chain, what 2 molecules provide the protons and high energy electrons

A
  • NADH2
  • FADH2
57
Q

NADH2 and FADH2 are _______ releasing ______ and high energy _______

A
  1. Oxidised
  2. Protons
  3. Electrons
58
Q

What happens to the electrons as they pass along a chain of electron carriers

A

They lose energy

59
Q

When the electrons lose energy being passed along a series of electron carriers, what is the energy used for in the electron transport chain

A

To pump protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space

60
Q

What is generates after the protons have been pumped from the matrix to the intermembrane space

A

A concentration gradient

61
Q

Once a concentration gradient has been established between the matrix and the intermembrane space, what happens to the protons, name the process

A

Protons move back into the matrix by faciliatated diffusion via ATP synthease

62
Q

When the protons move back into the matrix via ATP synthease, what can then be synthesise, and what type of phosphorylation is it

A
  • ATP can be synthesised from ADP and Pi
  • By oxidative phosphorylation
63
Q

How many ATP molecules are made from each NADH2

A

3

64
Q

How many ATP molecules are made from each FADH2

A

2

65
Q

What is the role of oxygen in the electron transport chain (4 points)

A
  • Oxygen is the terminal electron acceptor
  • In the electron transport chain
  • It accepts protons and electrons
  • And is reduced to water
66
Q

Describe the process of glycolysis (4 marks)

A
  • Phosphorylation of glucose by ATP
  • Oxidation of triose phosphate to pyruvate
  • Net gain of ATP
  • NAD reduced
67
Q

Melonate inhibits a reaction in the Krebs cycle. Explain why malonate would decrease the uptake of oxygen in a respiring cell (2 marks)

A
  • Less/ no reduced NAD / coenzymes
    OR
  • Fewer hydrogens/ electrons removed
  • Oxygen is the terminal electron acceptor
68
Q

In anaerobic respiration, what is not present

A

Oxygen

69
Q

In anaerobic respiration, since no oxygen is present, what is also not present

A

The final electron acceptor

70
Q

Without the final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration, what cannot happen

A

The hydrogen carriers cannot be re-oxidised

71
Q

When the hydrogen carriers are not re-oxidised in anaerobic respiration, what is the knock on effect

A

The hydrogen carriers can not be reduced in the link reaction or in the Krebs cycle

72
Q

What process can still occur in respiration even in anaerobic conditions

A

Glycolysis

73
Q

Under anaerobic conditions, in animals, how can glycolysis still occur

A

Since pyruvate can be reduced into lactate which simulaneously oxidises reduced NAD

74
Q

Under anaerobic conditions, in plants and fungi, how does glycolysis still occur

A

Since pyruvate is decarboxylated into ethanal
- Ethanal is then reduced into ethanol which simultaneously oxidises reduced NAD

75
Q

How many molecules of ATP does aerobic respiration produce

A

38

76
Q

How many ATP molecules does anaerobic respiration produce

A

2

77
Q

Other than glucose, what 2 other molecules are alternative respiratory substrates

A
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
78
Q

When lipids are used as the respiratory substrate, what is the first step

A

The lipid is hydrolysed into glycerol and fatty acid chains

79
Q

After the hydrolysis of the lipid when using lipids as the respiratory substrate, what happens to the glycerol

A

Glycerol is converted into a 3 carbon sugar and then becomes phosphorylated. The creates triose phosphate which is the oxidised into pyruvate which then enters the link reaction

80
Q

When using lipids as the respiratory substrate, what happens the the long fatty acid chains

A
  • Chains split into 2 carbon long fragments
  • Which are then converted into Acetyl CoA
  • Which then enters the Krebs cycle
81
Q

When using proteins as the respiratory substrate, what is the first step, and what does this step involve

A

The first step is deamination which involves the removal of the amino group and the hydrogen, so an overall removal of ammonia

82
Q

After deamination, what is left

A

An organic acid

83
Q

Using proteins as the respiratory substrate, following the deamination process, what happens

A

The organic acid enters the Krebs cycle

84
Q

Does reduced NAD or reduced FAD release high energy electrons

A

Reduced NAD

85
Q

How many hydrogen ions or pumped per proton pump

A

2 Hydrogen ions

86
Q

What do stalked particles contain that is used to pump protons

A

ATP synthase

87
Q

How many proton pumps does one molecule of reduced NAD activate

A

3

88
Q

How many proton pumps does one molecule of reduced FAD activate

A

2

89
Q

Why does anaerobic respiration produce far less ATP than aerobic respiration

A
  • Anaerobic respiration relies on substrate level phosphorylation in glycolysis to produce a net gain of 2 ATP per glucose
  • Aerobic respiration produce 2 ATP from substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis, 2 ATP from substrate-level phosphorylation in the Krebs’ cycle and around 32 ATP fro oxidative phosphorylation

AQA A level Biology (38 decks)

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