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AQA A level Biology > 1.3 Lipids > Flashcards

1.3 Lipids Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 elements that make up lipids

A
  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Oxygen
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1
Q

What are lipids insoluble in

A

Water

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2
Q

What are lipids soluble in

A

Organic solvents like ethanol

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3
Q

What are the 7 functions of lipids

A
  • Thermal insulation
  • Protection
  • Buoyancy
  • Source of metabolic water
  • Waterproofing
  • Energy store
  • Cell membrane structure
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4
Q

What is denser lipids or water

A

Water is denser than lipids

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5
Q

What waterproof organisms’ layers come from lipids

A

-Skin
- Leaf cuticle
- Fur
- Feather

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6
Q

What type of tissue creates thermal insulation, lipids

A

Adipose tissue

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7
Q

What 2 things in the cell membrane are lipids

A
  • Phospholipid bilayer
  • Cholesterol
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8
Q

What are the 2 types of lipid structure

A
  • Simple
  • Compound
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9
Q

In a simple lipid, what are the 2 components

A
  • Glycerol
  • Fatty acids
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10
Q

In a compound lipid, what are the components

A
  • Glycerol
  • Fatty acids
  • Another group/ molecule/ compound
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11
Q

What is an example of a simple lipid

A

Triglyceride

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12
Q

What is an example of a compound lipid

A

Phospholipid

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13
Q

What is the chemical formula for glycerol

A

C3H8O3

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14
Q

What is the general formula for fatty acids

A

CH3(CH2)nCOOH

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15
Q

In fatty acids, which part of the general formula is the variable/ R group

A

The elements in a bracket e.g. (CH2)n

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16
Q

In fatty acids, which part of the general formula is the carboxyl group

A

COOH

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17
Q

In a fatty acid how is the carboxyl group bonded

A

HO-C=O

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18
Q

In lipid structure, what bond is formed by a condensation reaction

A

Ester bond

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19
Q

Does an ester bond contain an oxygen bridge

A

Yes

20
Q

Are lipids polymers, and why

A

Not polymers because they aren’t made from the same repeated units

21
Q

How do the hydrocarbon tail and the fatty acid tail differ in lipids

A

The hydrocarbon tail only contains carbon and hydrogen so doesn’t have a carboxyl group (COOH) whereas the fatty acid tail does contain the carboxyl group

22
Q

Why are some fatty acids saturated

A
  • A saturated fatty acid is fully saturated with hydrogen because there are no carbon to carbon double bonds
23
Q

Why are some fatty acids unsaturated

A
  • An unsaturated fatty acid isn’t fully saturated with hydrogen because there is at least one carbon to carbon double bond
24
Q

Name an example of a saturated fat

A

Butter

25
Q

Name an example of an unsaturated fat

A

Oil

26
Q

Where do saturated fats usually come from

A

Animals

27
Q

Where do unsaturated fats usually come from

A

Plants

28
Q

At room temp, what state are saturated fats

A

Solid

29
Q

At room temp, what state are unsaturated fats

A

Liquid

30
Q

What does a high increase of saturated fats increase your risk of

A

Heart disease

31
Q

What is a respiratory substrate

A

A molecule that can release energy which is used to create ATP

32
Q

How do animals get their energy from a respiratory substrate

A

By breaking it down in the presence of oxygen, oxidising it

33
Q

When you oxidies a lipid respiratory substrate, where does the energy come from

A

The breaking of the C-C and C-H bondds

34
Q

Why do you get twice the energy yield from using lipids instead of carbohydrates as a respiratory substrate

A

Because there are more C-C and C-H bonds in lipids due to the hydrocarbon tail

35
Q

Are phospholipids, a compound or simple lipid

A

Compound lipid

36
Q

What are the 2 components of a phospholipid

A
  • x2 Hydrophobic tails
  • x1 Hydrophilic head
37
Q

What is the head made of in a triglyceride

A

Glycerol

38
Q

What is the head made of in a phospholipid

A
  • Glycerol
  • Phosphate
39
Q

How many tails does a triglyceride have

A

3

40
Q

How many tails does a phospholipid have

A

2

41
Q

Why do fats form good waterproofing layers

A

They’re insoluble in water

42
Q

What is the structure of a tiglyceride

A
  • 1 Glycerol
  • 3 fatty acids
43
Q

What chemical group does glycerol belong to

A

Alcohol

44
Q

What are the 2 different types of fatty acids

A
  • Saturated
  • Unsaturated
45
Q

In a triglyceride, what is the name of the covalent bond that forms between a fatty acid and glycerol

A

Ester bond

46
Q

What type of reaction takes place when ester bonds form

A

Condensation reaction

47
Q

Name the biochemical test that is used to show the presence of lipids

A

Emulsion test

48
Q

Describe how you would use a microscope to find the mean diameter of triglyercide droplet on a slide

A
  • Measure with eyepiece graticule / scale;
  • Calibrate with stage micrometer / scale on slide / object of known size
  • Repeats and calculate the mean;

AQA A level Biology (33 decks)

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