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AQA A level Biology > 5.1 Photosynthesis > Flashcards

5.1 Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

What do the genes in a chloroplast DNA code for

A

Photosynthetic enzymes

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2
Q

What is the name of the chloroplast cytoplasm

A

Stroma

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3
Q

What do the thylakoids contain

A

Chlorophyll

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4
Q

What is the name of the enzyme we need to know that’s involved in photosynthesis

A

Rubisco

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5
Q

What is the chemical GCSE equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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6
Q

What is the name of the 2 stages in photosynthesis

A
  • Light dependent stage
  • Light independent stage
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7
Q

Where does the light dependent stage occur

A

In the thylakoid membrane

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8
Q

Where do the light independent stage occur

A

In the stroma

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9
Q

What are the 2 things that the light dependent stage requires

A
  • Light
  • Chlorophyll
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10
Q

In the light dependent stage what does the photosynthetic pigment absorb

A

Energy

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11
Q

What is the reactant for the light dependent stage

A

Water

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12
Q

What is the photosynthetic product of the light dependent stage

A

Oxygen

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13
Q

During the light dependent stage, how does NADP become reduced

A

By the addition of the hydrogen that is released from the water

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14
Q

What is the chemical formula of reduced NADP

A

NADPH2

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15
Q

What is the reactant for the light independent stage

A

Carbon dioxide

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16
Q

What is the product from the light independent stage/ what is the name of the carbohydrate formed

A

CHO , triose phosphate

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17
Q

In terms of hydrogen, what is oxidation

A

Remove of hydrogen

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18
Q

In terms of hydrogen, what is reduction

A

The add of hydrogen

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19
Q

In the light dependent stage, what is oxidised

A

Water

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20
Q

In the light dependent stage, what is reduced

A

NADP

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21
Q

In the light independent stage, what is oxidised

A

Carbon dioxide

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22
Q

What is the overall equation in the light dependent stage

A

H2O + NADP -> NADPH2 + O2

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23
Q

If NADP is removed from the light dependent stage, will oxygen still be produced

A

NO

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24
Q

When light energy is absorbed by the chlorophyll, what does this excite

A

2 electrons

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25
Q

In the light dependent stage, what happens to the 2 excited electrons

A

They leave the chlorophyll and pass to an electron acceptor

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26
Q

What is the name of the process by which 2 electrons get excited and leave the chlorophyll

A

Photoionisation of chlorophyll

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27
Q

Once the excited electrons leave the chlorophyll what are they passed along

A

A series of electron carriers

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28
Q

What happens to the electrons in the light dependent stage as they pass along a series of electron carriers

A

They lose energy

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29
Q

What is the energy that is released from the electrons as they move along a series of electron carriers used to produce

A

ATP from ADP and Pi by chemiosmosis

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30
Q

What is the name of the process by which the energy that the electrons lose as they move along the series of electron carriers is used toe produced ATP from ADP and Pi

A

Chemiosmosis

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31
Q

What is the name of the process where a water molecule is split

A

Photolysis

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32
Q

What is the equation of photolysis of water

A

2H2O -> 4H+ + 4e- + O2

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33
Q

Where do the electrons that replace those that are lost from the chlorophyll come from

A

The photolysis of water

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34
Q
A
35
Q

What is the name of the process where a water molecule splits

A

Photolysis of water

36
Q

What is the photolysis of water equation

A

2H2O -> 4H+ + 4e- + O2

37
Q

Where do the electrons that replace those lost from the chlorophyll come from

A

The photolysis of water

38
Q

What are the protons produced from the photolysis of water used for

A

They reduce NADP

39
Q

What is the by-product of water photolysis

A

Oxygen

40
Q

Where do the electrons for reduction of NADP come from

A

The photoionisation of chlorophyll

41
Q

Where do the protons for the reduction of NADP come from

A

The photolysis of water

42
Q

In the chemiosmosis theory, what happens to the high energy electrons

A

They pass along a series of electron carriers

43
Q

In the chemiosmosis theory, what happens to the high energy electrons as they pass along the series of electron carriers

A

They lose energy

44
Q

In the chemiosmosis theory, what is the energy that is lost from the electrons used for

A

Used to pump protons, H+

45
Q

In the chemiosmosis theory, where are the protons pumped from and where are they pumped to

A

Pumped from the stroma into the thylakoid space

46
Q

After the protons are pumped into the thylakoid space in the chemiosmosis theory, what is produced and why

A

A concentration gradient is produced since the protons accumulate

47
Q

Once a concentration gradient of protons has been established in the chemiosmosis theory, what happens to the protons

A

They diffuse back into the stroma via ATP synthase.

48
Q

What provides the energy to form ATP from ADP and Pi

A

ATP synthase which is associated with the channel protein in the thylakoid membrane

49
Q

What does the ATP synthase associated with the channel protein in chemiosmosis essentially act as

A

A molecular motor

50
Q

How can the reduction of NADP be demostrated experimentally

A

Using an artificial hydrogen acceptor like DCPIP

51
Q

What is DCPIP

A

An artificial hydrogen acceptor

52
Q

What is the reaction called when the reduction of NADP is demostrated experimentally using an artificial hydrogen acceptor

A

Hill Reaction

53
Q

What is the colour of oxidised DCPIP

A

Blue

54
Q

What is the colour of reduced DCPIP

A

Colourless

55
Q

What happens to DCPIP when it is added to a suspension of isolated chloroplasts

A

It’ll be reduced under certain conditions

56
Q

In the Hill Reaction, what type of solution is added to all 4 test tubes

A

Cold, isotonic and buffered solution

57
Q

In the Hill reaction, why does on test tube only contain chloroplasts and the solution but no DCPIP

A

To act as the colour standard

58
Q

In the Hill reaction, what does the test tube with only the solution and DCPIP act as

A

The control because it has no chloroplasts inside - so it’s evidence that the reduction of DCPIP is down to chloroplasts being present

59
Q

In the Hill reaction, why is one of the test tubes with chloroplasts, solution and DCPIP put in a dark space while the other test tube is put beneath a lamp

A

The light dependent reaction in the chloroplasts will only occur in the test tube under the lamp and without the light dependent reaction there is no reduction of NADP since no photoionisation nor photolysis of water so no reduction of DCPIP

60
Q

In the Hill reaction, which on the 2 test tubes with chloroplasts, solution and DCPIP inside becomesc the colour of the test tube with only chloroplasts and solution

A

The test tube that was placed under light e.g. a lamp so the test tube where the light dependent reaction occured so NADP was reduced so DCPIP was also reduced

61
Q

Explain how the chemicals which inhibit the decolourisation of DCPIP could slow the growth of weeds ( 2 marks)

A
  • Less/ no ATP produced
  • Less/ no NADPH2 produced
62
Q

Where does the light independent reaction occur

A

In the stroma

63
Q

What are the 4 requirements for the light independent reaction

A
  • Carbon dioxide
  • ATP
  • NADPH2
  • Rubisco
64
Q

What are the 3 products of the light independent reaction

A
  • Triose phosphate
  • ADP and Pi
  • NADP
65
Q

What is the name of the cycle in the light independent reaction

A

Calvin cycle

66
Q

How many carbons are in RuBP

A

5 carbons

67
Q

What is added to the calvin cycle that reacts with RuBP

A

Carbon dioxide

68
Q

What does RuBP and CO2 produce in the calvin cycle

A

GP (Glycerate-3-phosphate)

69
Q

How many G-3-P molecules are produced from one RuBP molecule

A

2

70
Q

What is the name of the enzyme in the calvin cycle

A

Rubisco

71
Q

What type of reaction converts G-3-P into Triose phosphate

A

Reduction

72
Q

When G-3-P is reduced into triose phosphate, what is oxidised

A

NADPH2 to NADP

73
Q

When G-3-P is reduced into triose phosphate, what is needed and where is this provided from

A

Energy is needed from ATP being hydrolysed into ADP and Pi

74
Q

What is needed to convert triose phosphate into RuBP

A

ATP

75
Q

Why is ATP needed to convert triose phosphate into RuBP

A

Since the Pi phosphorylates the molecule - essentially add another phosphate group to the molecule to produce RuBP

76
Q

What are the 3 molecules that the triose phosphate that left the cycle can be converted into

A
  • Glucose
  • Amino acids
  • Glycerol and fatty acids
77
Q

If 6 RuBP molecules are used in the cycle along with 6CO2, how many G-3-P are made

A

12

78
Q

If 12 G-3-P molecules are produced, how many triose phosphate can be formed after the reduction

A

12

79
Q

Of the 12 triose phosphate molecules made in the calvin cycle how many remain in the cycle

A

10 triose phosphates and get converts into RuBP

80
Q

Of the 12 triose phosphate molecules produced, how many leave the cycle to be converted into biological molecules

A

2

81
Q

What would happen to the concentration of G-3-P if the plant was placed in the dark

A

The concentration would increase but eventually flatten out

82
Q

Why would the concentration of G-3-P increase if the plant was placed in the dark

A

Since RuBP and CO2 will still be able to form G-3-P however without the products from the light dependent reaction G-3-P cannot be reduced into triose phosphate so the concentration of G-3-P builds up

83
Q

What happens to the concentration of RuBP if the plant was placed in the dark

A

The concentration will fall until it eventually reaches zero

84
Q

Why does the RuBP concentration fall when the plant is placed in the dark

A

Since the RuBP is being used to make G-3-P and less RuBP is being made compared to what is being used to make other molecules since there is less triose phosphate so eventually the triose phosphate will run out so no more RuBP will be synthesised hence why the concentration will drop

AQA A level Biology (32 decks)

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