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AQA A level Biology > 6.3 Muscles > Flashcards

6.3 Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

What attaches skeletal muscles to bones

A

Tendons

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2
Q

What is a pair of muscles called

A

An antagonistic pair

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3
Q

In an antagonistic pair, what happens to the muscles at the same time

A

-One muscle contracts
- One muscle relaxes

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4
Q

In an antagonistic pair, what is the muscle that’s relaxing called

A

Antagonist

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5
Q

When you bend your arm, what happens to the tricep muscle

A

It relaxes

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6
Q

When you straighten your arm, what happens to the tricep muscles

A

Contract

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7
Q

In an antagonistic pair, what is the contracting muscle called

A

Agonist

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8
Q

When you bend your arm, what happens to the bicep muscles

A

Contract

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9
Q

What are muscle fibres

A

Long, specialised cells

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10
Q

What is the membrane of muscle fibres called

A

The sarcolemma

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11
Q

What is the name of the ‘muscle fibre cytoplasm’

A

Sarcoplasm

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12
Q

The sarcolemma folds _______ to the ___________

A
  1. Inwards
  2. Sarcoplasm
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13
Q

What are the inwards folds of the sarcolemma called

A

Transverse (T) tubules

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14
Q

What does SR stand for

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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15
Q

What does the SR store

A

Calcium ions

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16
Q

What are calcium ions important for

A

Muscle contraction

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17
Q

What organelle is densily concentrated in muscle fibres

A

Mitochondria

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18
Q

What are myofibrils the site of

A

Muscle contraction

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19
Q

What shape are myofibrils

A

Cylindrical

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20
Q

Where are myofibrils located

A

Along the length of muscle fibres

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21
Q

Skeletal muscles consists of bundles of what

A

Muscle fibres

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22
Q

Muscle fibres contain organelles that are the site of muscle contraction, what is the name of these organelles

A

Myofibrils

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23
Q

Myofibrils are made of multiple units, what are these units called

A

Sarcomeres

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24
Q

What is the end of a sacromere called

A

Z line

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25
Q

What are sarcomeres made from

A

2 types of myofilaments

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26
Q

What are the 2 types of myofilaments that make up a sarcomere

A
  • Thick myofilaments
  • Thin myofilaments
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27
Q

What protein are thick myofilaments made of

A

Myosin protein

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28
Q

What protein are thin myofilaments made of

A

Actin protein

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29
Q

Myosin and actin filaments are arranged in an _________ pattern in sarcomeres

A

Alternating

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30
Q

At the end of sarcomeres, what happens between the thick myosin filament and the thin actin filament

A

Overlap

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31
Q

What is the overlapping region of the filaments in a sacromere called

A

The A-band

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32
Q

In a sarcomere, what is the region with only myosin filament called

A

H-zone

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33
Q

Where does the thin actin filaments overlap with myosin filaments

A

Middle of the sacromere

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34
Q

What is the middle of the myosin known as

A

M line

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35
Q

What is the region with only actin filaments in a sacromere called

A

I-band

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36
Q

In a sarcomere, what filaments does not move

A

Myosin

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37
Q

Explain how actin and myoson produce contraction of a sacromere

A
  • Myosin does not move
  • When muscles contract, actin filaments slide over myosin towards the middle of the sacromere
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38
Q

What are the 2 myofilaments associated with actin

A
  • Troponin
  • Tropomyosin
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39
Q

What is the use of slow twitch muscles

A

Endurance

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40
Q

What is the use of fast twitch muscles

A

Burst of activity

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41
Q

List some examples of slow twitch muscles

A
  • Back muscles
  • Calf muscles
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42
Q

What is an example of a fast twitch muscle

A

Eye muscles

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43
Q

Do slow twitch muscles fatigue slowly or quickly

A

Slowly

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44
Q

Do fast twitch muscles fatigue slowly or quickly

A

Quickly

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45
Q

Do slow twitch muscles contract slowly or quickly

A

Slowly

46
Q

Do fast twitch muscles contract slowly or quickly

A

Quickly

47
Q

Do slow twitch muscles contract for a long time or contract and relax rapidly

A

Contract for long time

48
Q

Do fast twitch muscles contract for long time or contract and relax rapidly

A

Contract and relax rapidly

49
Q

Do slow twitch muscles have a high or low density of myofibrils

A

Low density of myofibrils

50
Q

Do fast twitch muscles have a high or low density of myofibrils

A

High

51
Q

Do slow twitch or fast twitch muscles have many mitochondria

A

Slow twitch muscles

52
Q

Do fast twitch muscles have many or few mitochondria

A

Few mitochondria

53
Q

How do slow twitch muscles respire

A

Aerobically

54
Q

How do fast twitch muscles respire

A

Anaerobically

55
Q

Do slow twitch or fast twitch muscles have a higher myoglobin concentration

A

Slow twitch

56
Q

Is the glycogen storage in a slow twitch muscle high or low

A

Low

57
Q

Is the glycogen storage in a fast twitch muscles high or low

A

High

58
Q

In slow twitch muscles, is there a high density of capillaries or a low density of capillaries

A

High density

59
Q

In fast twitch muscles, is there a high or low density of capillaries

A

Low density of capillaries

60
Q

In slow twitch muscles is there a high or low lactate production

A

Low lactate production

61
Q

In fast twitch muscles is lactate removed quickly or slowly

A

Quickly removed

62
Q

What colour do slow twitch muscles appear

A

Dark

63
Q

What colour do fast twitch muscles appear

A

Light

64
Q

What is a neuromuscular junction

A

Synapse between motor neurone and muscle

65
Q

At neuromusclar junctions, after the Ach has diffused across the cleft, where are the sodium gated channels located

A

In sarcolemma

66
Q

In neuromusclar junctions, after the sodium ions have diffused in, what is now depolarised

A

The sarcolemma

67
Q

Write the comparative statement: Neuromuscular junctions have excitatory only

A

Cholinergic synapes have excitory and inhibitory

68
Q

Write the comparative statement: Cholinergic synapses link neurone to neurone or other effector organs

A

Neuromuscular junctions links neurones to muscle fibres

69
Q

Write the comparative statement: Neutromuscular junctions involves motor neurones only

A

Cholinergic synapses involve all neurones, sensory, intermediate and motor

70
Q

Write the comparative statement: Neuromuscular junctions are where action potential end

A

Cholinergic synapses may produce an action potential in the postsynaptic neurone

71
Q

Write the comparative statement: Ach binds to receptors on membrane of postsynaptic neurone

A

In neuromuscular junctions Ach binds to receptors of the motor end plate

72
Q

What type of molecule is Troponin

A

Proteins

73
Q

What type of protein is troponin

A

Globular

74
Q

What is tropomyosin

A

Protein that wraps around the actin filaments lying in groove between the 2 chains

75
Q

What is actin filament

A

Globular proteins that are joined together into a long chain

76
Q

How many chains of actin are in an actin filament

A

2

77
Q

In a myosin molecule, what is the tail made of

A

Fibrous protein

78
Q

In a myosin molecule, what is the head made of

A

Globular protein

79
Q

In a myosin molecule, what enzyme does the head contain

A

ATP hydrolase

80
Q

In a myosin filament, are the head of the myosin molecules at one end or both end

A

Both ends

81
Q

When the actin filament slides, what happens to the length of the sarcomere

A

The length of the sarcomere shortens

82
Q

When the actin filaments slide and the sarcomere shortens, what happens to the length of the I band

A

The I band shortens

83
Q

When the actin filaments slide and the sarcomere shortens, what happens to the length of the H zone

A

It shortens and may even disappear

84
Q

When the actin filaments slide and the sarcomere shortens, what happens to the length of the A band

A

Remains the same

85
Q

Why does the A band remain the same length, even when the sarcomere shortens

A

Since the A band id determined by the myosin and the myosin doesn’t move

86
Q

At a neuromuscular junction, what does the Acetylcholine bind to

A

The protein receptors on the motor end plate

87
Q

In neuromuscular junctions, what happens after the Ach have bound to the protein receptor on the motor end plate

A

The sodium ion gated channels open and the sodium ions diffuse in

88
Q

In a neuromuscular junction, what is the effect of the sodium ions moving in

A

The sarcolemma depolarised

89
Q

In a neuromuscular junction, when the sarcolemma has depolarised, what then depolarises

A

The T tubules

90
Q

In a neuromusclar junction, once the T tubules have been depolarised, what happens

A

The proteins in the T tubules are stimulated and the calcium ion gated channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum open

91
Q

After the calcium ions gated channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum open, what happens

A

The calcium ions diffuse out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and into the myofibrils

92
Q

After the calcium ions have diffused out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and go into the myofibrils, what do the calcium ions bind to

A

Bind to the troponin molecules on the actin filaments

93
Q

What is the effect on troponin after calcium ions have bound to the troponin

A

The troponin changes shape

94
Q

What is the effect on tropomyosin, when the troponin shape changes as a result of the calcium ions binding

A

Moving/ dislodging of tropomyosin which exposes the binding sites on the actin filament

95
Q

What binds to the binding sites on tropomyosin

A

Myosin

96
Q

What part of the myosin attaches to the actin binding sites

A

The myosin head

97
Q

What is formed when the myosin head attaches to the acctin binding site

A

Actinomyosin cross bridge

98
Q

When the myosin head attaches to the actin binding site, what is attached to the myosin head

A

ADP and Pi

99
Q

Once the myosin head is attached to the actin binding site, what is released from the myosin head

A

ADP and Pi

100
Q

When ADP and Pi are released from the myosin head, what does this do to the myosin head

A

Changes the angle of the myosin head

101
Q

When ADP and Pi are released from the myosin head, and the angle of the myosin head changes, what do this do to the actin

A

Pulls the actin over myosin

102
Q

What is the name of the process when actin is pulled over myosin

A

Power stroke

103
Q

After the power stroke, what then attached to the myosin head

A

ATP molecule

104
Q

When the ATP molecule binds to myosin head, what is the effect

A

Myosin head detaches from actin site

105
Q

When the myosin head detaches from the actin binding site, what breaks

A

The actinomyosin cross bridges

106
Q

After the myosin head detaches from the actin binding sites, what happens to the ATP molecule

A

ATP is hydrolysed into ADP and Pi by ATP hydrolase

107
Q

What is released when ATP is hydrolysed

A

Energy

108
Q

What is the energy that’s released from the hydrolysis of ATP used to do to the myosin head

A

The energy extends the myosin head

109
Q

Once the myosin head has been extended again, by the energy released from the hydrolysis of ATP what is the myosin head ready to do

A

Ready to bind to the actin binding site

110
Q

When the myosin head is ready to bind to the actin binding site, what is this stage called

A

Recovery stroke

AQA A level Biology (38 decks)

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