1.2 Carbohydrates

Question 1

What is a monosaccharide

Answer 1

Are the monomers from which larger carbohydrates are made

Question 2

What are the 3 main monosaccharides

Answer 2

• Glucose
• Galactose
• Fructose

Question 3

What 2 monosaccharides only contain 5 carbons

Answer 3

• Ribose
• Deoxyribose

Question 4

What are the 2 types of glucose

Answer 4

• Alpha
• Beta

Question 5

How are disaccharides formed

Answer 5

Via condensation reactions

Question 6

What chemical bond forms between 2 monosaccharides after a condensation reaction

Answer 6

A glycosidic bond

Question 7

What 2 monosaccharides make up maltose

Answer 7

Glucose + glucose

Question 8

What 2 monosaccharides make up lactose

Answer 8

Glucose + Galactose

Question 9

What 2 monosaccharides make up sucrose

Answer 9

Glucose + Fructose

Question 10

What are the 3 main disaccharides

Answer 10

• Sucrose
• Maltose
• Lactose

Question 11

What 2 polysaccharides act as a glucose storage

Answer 11

• Starch
• Glycogen

Question 12

What polysaccharide has a role in structural function

Answer 12

Cellulose

Question 13

What 2 polysaccharides are polymers of alpha glucose

Answer 13

• Starch
• Glycogen

Question 14

What is the monomer of cellulose

Answer 14

Beta glucose

Question 15

Where is starch found

Answer 15

In plants

Question 16

Where is glycogen found

Answer 16

In animals

Question 17

Where is cellulose found

Answer 17

In plant cell walls

Question 18

List 3 properties of sugars

Answer 18

• Sweet
• Soluble
• Crystalline

Question 19

On this card then draw alpha glucose

Question 20

How does alpha glucose differ from beta glucose

Answer 20

In alpha glucose the hydroxyl group on carbon 1 is below the carbon, whereas in beta glucose the hydroxyl group on carbon 1 is above the carbon

Question 21

What is the shape of fructose

Answer 21

Pentagon

Question 22

How many carbons are in fructose

Answer 22

6

Question 23

What shape is galactose

Answer 23

Hexagon

Question 24

How many carbons are in galactose

Answer 24

6

Question 25

What shape is ribose and deoxyribose

Answer 25

Pentagon

Question 26

What is the difference between ribose and deoxyribose

Answer 26

In deoxyribose, there is no oxygen on carbon 2.

Question 27

How many carbons are in ribose and deoxyribose

Answer 27

5 carbons

Question 28

Why is it beneficial that the polysaccharides of alpha glucose have a compact shape

Answer 28

To store more glucose in cell

Question 29

Why is it beneficial that the polysaccharides of alpha glucose are branched

Answer 29

To increase the surface area for hydrolysis so faster release of glucose

Question 30

Why is it beneficial that the polysaccharides of alpha glucose are insoluble in water

Answer 30

So they are osmotically inert, so doesn't affect the water potential

Question 31

What are the 2 types of starch called

Answer 31

- Amylose - Amylopectin

Question 32

What bonds are in amylose

Answer 32

1-4 glycosidic bonds

Question 33

What % of starch is amylose

Answer 33

about 30 %

Question 34

What shape is amylose

Answer 34

Helical (helix)

Question 35

Why is amylose helical (have a helix shape)

Answer 35

Because all the glycosidic bonds face downwards

Question 36

What % of starch is amylopectin

Answer 36

about 70%

Question 37

What bonds are in amylopectin

Answer 37

1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds

Question 38

What molecule is branched, amylose or amylopectin

Answer 38

Amylopectin, due to the 1-6 glycosidic bonds

Question 39

Does amylopectin or glycogen contain more 1-6 glycosidic bonds

Answer 39

Glycogen has more 1-6 bonding therefore more branched that amylopectin

Question 40

Why is glycogen more branched that amylopectin

Answer 40

Because glycogen is found in animals who have a higher metabolic rate than plants (where amylopectin is found) so the more branching more there's a faster release of glucose during hydrolysis

Question 41

How are cellulose chains straight

Answer 41

- The glycosidic bonds between the beta glucose molecules alternate facing up and down since every other glucose flips 180 degrees

Question 42

What holds multiple cellulose chains together

Answer 42

Hydrogen bonds

Question 43

What type of strength of the hydrogen bonds give in cellulose

Answer 43

High tensile strength

Question 44

What is a name given to multiple cellulose chains held together by hydrogen bonds

Answer 44

A microfibril

Question 45

What enzyme hydrolyses starch

Answer 45

Amylase

Question 46

What enzyme hydrolyses glycogen

Answer 46

Glycogen phosphorylase

Question 47

Why is it significant that both starch and glycogen are large molecules

Answer 47

- To store more glucose - So they cannot pass out of the cell

Question 48

Explain the importance of glucose to an organism

Answer 48

- Glucose is a main respiratory substrate for cells, as it is phosphorylated in glycolysis - Glucose is used to produce ATP, the universal energy currency of cells - Glucose also serves as a substrate for the synthesis of other important molecules, such as glycogen and nucleotides