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AQA A level Biology > 1.2 Carbohydrates > Flashcards

1.2 Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a monosaccharide

A

Are the monomers from which larger carbohydrates are made

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2
Q

What are the 3 main monosaccharides

A
  • Glucose
  • Galactose
  • Fructose
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3
Q

What 2 monosaccharides only contain 5 carbons

A
  • Ribose
  • Deoxyribose
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4
Q

What are the 2 types of glucose

A
  • Alpha
  • Beta
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5
Q

How are disaccharides formed

A

Via condensation reactions

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6
Q

What chemical bond forms between 2 monosaccharides after a condensation reaction

A

A glycosidic bond

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7
Q

What 2 monosaccharides make up maltose

A

Glucose + glucose

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8
Q

What 2 monosaccharides make up lactose

A

Glucose + Galactose

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9
Q

What 2 monosaccharides make up sucrose

A

Glucose + Fructose

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10
Q

What are the 3 main disaccharides

A
  • Sucrose
  • Maltose
  • Lactose
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11
Q

What 2 polysaccharides act as a glucose storage

A
  • Starch
  • Glycogen
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12
Q

What polysaccharide has a role in structural function

A

Cellulose

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13
Q

What 2 polysaccharides are polymers of alpha glucose

A
  • Starch
  • Glycogen
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14
Q

What is the polymer of cellulose

A

Beta glucose

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15
Q

Where is starch found

A

In plants

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16
Q

Where is glycogen found

A

In animals

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17
Q

Where is cellulose found

A

In plant cell walls

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18
Q

List 3 properties of sugars

A
  • Sweet
  • Soluble
  • Crystalline
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19
Q

On this card then draw alpha glucose

A
20
Q

How does alpha glucose differ from beta glucose

A

In alpha glucose the hydroxyl group on carbon 1 is below the carbon, whereas in beta glucose the hydroxyl group on carbon 1 is above the carbon

21
Q

What is the shape of fructose

A

Pentagon

22
Q

How many carbons are in fructose

A

6

23
Q

What shape is galactose

A

Hexagon

24
Q

How many carbons are in galactose

A

6

25
Q

What shape is ribose and deoxyribose

A

Pentagon

26
Q

What is the difference between ribose and deoxyribose

A

In deoxyribose, there is no oxygen on carbon 2.

27
Q

How many carbons are in ribose and deoxyribose

A

5 carbons

28
Q

Why is it beneficial that the polysaccharides of alpha glucose have a compact shape

A

To store more glucose in cell

29
Q

Why is it beneficial that the polysaccharides of alpha glucose are branched

A

To increase the surface area for hydrolysis so faster release of glucose

30
Q

Why is it beneficial that the polysaccharides of alpha glucose are insoluble in water

A

So they are osmotically inert, so doesn’t affect the water potential

31
Q

What are the 2 types of starch called

A
  • Amylose
  • Amylopectin
32
Q

What bonds are in amylose

A

1-4 glycosidic bonds

33
Q

What % of starch is amylose

A

about 30 %

34
Q

What shape is amylose

A

Helical (helix)

35
Q

Why is amylose helical (have a helix shape)

A

Because all the glycosidic bonds face downwards

36
Q

What % of starch is amylopectin

A

about 70%

37
Q

What bonds are in amylopectin

A

1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds

38
Q

What molecule is branched, amylose or amylopectin

A

Amylopectin, due to the 1-6 glycosidic bonds

39
Q

Does amylopectin or glycogen contain more 1-6 glycosidic bonds

A

Glycogen has more 1-6 bonding therefore more branched that amylopectin

40
Q

Why is glycogen more branched that amylopectin

A

Because glycogen is found in animals who have a higher metabolic rate than plants (where amylopectin is found) so the more branching more there’s a faster release of glucose during hydrolysis

41
Q

How are cellulose chains straight

A
  • The glycosidic bonds between the beta glucose molecules alternate facing up and down since every other glucose flips 180 degrees
42
Q

What holds multiple cellulose chains together

A

Hydrogen bonds

43
Q

What type of strength of the hydrogen bonds give in cellulose

A

High tensile strength

44
Q

What is a name given to multiple cellulose chains held together by hydrogen bonds

A

A microfibril

45
Q

What enzyme hydrolyses starch

A

Amylase

46
Q

What enzyme hydrolyses glycogen

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

47
Q

Why is it significant that both starch and glycogen are large molecules

A
  • To store more glucose
  • So they cannot pass out of the cell

AQA A level Biology (32 decks)

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