respiration

Question 1

define aerobic respiration

Answer 1

requires oxygen and produces CO2 water and ATP

Question 2

define anaerobic respiration

Answer 2

takes place in the absence of O2 and produces lactate in animals and ethanol and CO2 in plants and fungi - but little ATP in both cases

Question 3

describe the stages of glycolysis

Answer 3

• phosphorylation of glucose to glucose bisphosphate
• these phosphates come from the hydrolysis of 2x ATP into 2x ADP + pi
• the glucose bisphosphate is then split into 2xTP
  -TP will be oxidised
  -2 x NAD is reduced
• 4xATP will be formed
  -2x pyruvate is formed

Question 4

what si the net gain of glycolysis

Answer 4

2 ATP went in 4 ATP came out therefore overall gain of 2 ATP
- 2xNADH
2X pyruvate

Question 5

describe the process of the link reaction

Answer 5

• pyruvate is oxidised to acetate
• decarboxylation occurs
• NAD id reduced to form NADH
• acetate combines with coenzyme A to form acetylcoenzyme A

Question 6

describe the krebs cycle

Answer 6

acetyl coenzyme A combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate
- carbon dioxide will be lost (decarboxylation)
-NAD is reduced to NADH
- decarboxylation occurs again
- NAD is reduced to NADH
- ATP is formed
- FAD is reduced to FADH
- oxaloacetate is reformed

Question 7

what si the function of NAD

Answer 7

it aids dehydrogenase enzymes that catalyse the removal of hydrogen from substances and transfers them to other
#
NAD is a coenzyme!!!!! not an enzyme

Question 8

describe the steps of oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 8

• NAD and FAD are reduced to form NADH AND FADH
  -NADH and FADH will donate their electrons to the electron transfer chain
  -electrons pass across the chain in a series of REDOX reactions. the energy the electrons release will stimulate the active transport of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane and into the inner membranal space
• the protons diffuse back out into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase embedded within the inner mitochondrial membrane
• at the end of the chain the electrons combine with protons that ahve been through ATP synthase amd oxygen to form water.
  oxygen is therefore the final electron acceptor of electrons in the ETC

Question 9

how does respiration of lipids occur

Answer 9

the lipid is hydrolysed into fatty acids and glycerol.
- glycerol is then phosphorylated and converted into TP which enters the glycolysis pathway and subsequently into the Krebs cycle

Question 10

how do proteins respire

Answer 10

the amino group is removed and depending on whats left
3 carbon compunbds are turned into pyruvate
and 5 carbon compounds are turned into intermediaries in the krebs cycle

Question 11

in anaerobic respiration what is formed in animals including equation

Answer 11

pyruvate forms lactate

pyruvate + NADH —-> lactate +oxidised NAD

Question 12

in anaerobic respiration of plants and fungi

Answer 12

pyruvate is turned into ethanol and carbon dioxide